Leather sandals with straps; Anasazi Culture, MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Incising: Kokopelli, the flute player, with the sun symbol. This figure is often found among the petro glyphs of the Southwest. Length: 14 inches. Galisteo (New Mexico).

Mimbres pot with a stylized scorpion within a circle of round and zig-zag lines and a hole in the middle. The pot was "killed" in the grave of the owner, so that the spirit of the pot and that of the deceased may meet again in the hereafter. Diameter: 9.2-10.8 inches.
From the collection of E.H. Morris, UCM.

Newspaper Rock: Combination of animals, hand and footprints, as well as figures representing people, shields, spirals and sun symbols. The pictographs span several centuries and are therefore difficult to date. The wall is 16 feet high. The large "wheel" represents a decorated shield; the largest figure in the upper right hand corner is 14 inches tall. Newspaper Rock State Historical Monument, Indian Creek State Park (Utah).

Spruce Tree House, one of the most impressive and best preserved Pueblo towns in Mesa Verde National Park (Colorado). In the foreground, a ladder leads into the subterranean kiva, the round ceremonial chamber. The pueblo was inhabited from about 1200 to 1300. Anasazi Culture.

Sea shell pendant, the convex surface of which is set with more than 340 turquoise pieces with a single red shell piece set in the center. Diameter: 3.64 inches. Mogollon Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

A split twig figure of a deer made of delicate willow branches. The shape is highly stylized and very expressionistic, and is a fine example of the use made of the Simplest material. Height: 2.6 inches, Walnut Canyon (Arizona), Western Archaic Period, 2000-1000 B.C., MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Petroglyphs in red ochre nicknamed "Supernova"-a 10-pointed star, a quarter moon, a magical hand. This composition may depict the explosion of a giant star in the year 1054, an event that has also been chronicled in the history books of that time in Europe, China and Japan. Height: about 24 inches, Chaco Culture National Historical Park (New Mexico), Anasazi Culture.

The Spiral, a universal motif and symbol of fertility. It also occurs in European, Siberian and South American petroglyphs, in the Sahara and Australia, from the Magdalenian Age to the Middle Ages. This is a detail of a basket, Basketmaker II, MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Spirals made of yucca fibers, spirals in rock-two materials, a single world view: the endless circuitous movement of a star, the universe, of life. Spiral etched into sandstone. Diameter: about 10 inches. Signal Hill, Mountain Section of Saguaro National Monument (Arizona).

Spider Rock at the rear of Canyon de Chelly (Arizona). The 1000-foot-high sandstone column had symbolic meaning to the Indian People. In the universe every shape reveals the power of the gods; its unique beauty is additional proof of their invisible presence.

Lower jaws of deer with painted-on lines, X's and suns in the colors red, black, green and yellow, which symbolize the four cardinal directions, thus hunt and religious motifs are combined. Length: 4.8-7.8 inches. Hohokam Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Pictograph of a human figure. A familiar and at the same time mysterious figure with a feather headdress, hands raised in an expression of peace and agreement. It is reminiscent of similar figures found among the petroglyphs of other cultures in Val Camonica (Italy), Siberia, the Sahara and Australia. Height: 8.8 inches. Chaco Canyon (New Mexico).

View of the Green River as it flows through Canyonlands National Park (Utah), created in 1964. The river was given its name in the 16th century by the Spaniards, impressed by the bordering vegetation, rare in the parched landscape, which was reflected in the water.

Bryce Canyon (Utah), at an elevation of about 8200 feet, presents one of the most beautiful natural landscapes in the world. The remarkable coloration of the rock is due to its composition of iron (red and brown) and manganese (violet).

Mimbres pot, black on white, with a stylized lizard. The circular lines call to mind the shimmering heat in which this animal lives. Diameter: about 4 inches. Mimbres Valley (New Mexico), Mogollon Culture (E.H. Morris Collection), UCM.
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

The environment of the past and present. - Flora: yucca

The environment of the past and present. - Petroglyphs: Snake (Utah).

The environment of the past and present. - Petroglyphs, of a reptile surrounded by mysterious signs, hand and foot prints, from Newspaper Rock, Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona)

The environment of the past and present. - On the Mimbres pot two fish fight over a worm. Diameter: 12.08 inches, UCM.
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

Thunderstorm over the Grand Canyon (Arizona). View from Mather Point in the National Park at 7,000 feet. Lightning, as the harbinger of rain, was stylized as a zig-zag line on southwestern pottery and in petroglyphs.

Petroglyphs with a stylized deer, positive impression of a magic hand and a human figure within a circle, which undoubtedly symbolizes the sun and the entire universe. A language of shapes extends across the rocks, mingling daily routine and religious life. Diameter of the circle: about 28 in. Betatakin, Navajo National Monument (Arizona).

A fossilized piece of wood in Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona), where hundreds of petrified tree trunks, visible above soil level, can be seen. Iron, manganese, carbon and other minerals have imparted these unusual colors to the silica that was deposited in the wood as it lay buried under mud and water.

Hairpin curves of the Sanjuan River, one of the tributaries of the Colorado, near Mexican Hat in the southeast corner of Utah.

Pictograph showing a big-horned sheep pierced by three arrows. The body is divided by geometric and decorative lines, which undoubtedly have symbolic meaning. Roughly picked, the implied shapes are easily recognizable (curved horns, hooves), an effect achieved by means of finer incising. Length: 28 inches. Three Rivers Petroglyph Site, north of Alamogordo (New Mexico). There are around 5,000 petroglyphs in this historic area: animals, representations of humans, geometric and abstract shapes.

Several split twig figures, representing deer, each made from a single thin willow rod or from some other flexible wood. Archaic Period, 2000-1000 B.C. - 3.88 inches high, Sycamore Canyon (Arizona), ASM
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Several split twig figures, representing deer, each made from a single thin willow rod or from some other flexible wood. Archaic Period, 2000-1000 B.C. - 4.52 inches high, Grand Canyon National Park (Arizona), MNA
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Polychrome vessel, Kayenta, Anasazi Culture, Navajo National Monument Museum.

Several split twig figures, representing deer, each made from a single thin willow rod or from some other flexible wood. Archaic Period, 2000-1000 B.C. - 5.8 inches, from Grand Canyon National Park (Arizona), ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Projectile points, made of flint and quartz, frequently found near mammoth and bison bones. The fourth point from the left is grooved at the base to make it easier to fasten it to the shaft. Longest point: 3.88 inches. Paleo-Indian Period, Clovis Culture, approximately 9500 B.C., ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Tyuonyi, the most interesting archaeological area within Bandelier National Monument (New Mexico), named for the archaeologist Adolph F. Bandelier, who was active at the end of the 19th century in the Southwest. The circular pueblo at one time encompassed perhaps 400 rooms and three kivas (only one of which has been excavated). Some of the buildings were two stories high. Between 1100 and 1550, the population was approximately 100.

Cedar Tree Tower and a well-preserved kiva on the Chapin Mesa. Because of the wide view it allowed, this tower most likely served as a watch tower. Mesa Verde National Park (Colorado)

Winter at Wupatki National Monument (Arizona). Wupatki is an Indian word meaning «greathouse» The entire pueblo encompassed more than 100 rooms and reached a height of three stories. The red stone used in its construction is ideal in that it is easily split into horizontal slabs. The pueblo was inhabited from 1100 to 1220 and may have housed as many as 250 to 300 people. Sinagua Culture.

One of the most impressive Anasazi ruins of the American Southwest: White House Ruin in Canyon de Chelly National Monument (Arizona). Built into the cliff between heaven and earth, "White House" owes its name in part to the whitewashed facade. It was built in 1066 and was part of a community encompassing 175 rooms and four kivas, which could be reached only by ladders.

The roof beams (ponderosa pine) of one of the many rooms in a wall of the Aztec Pueblo (New Mexico). Because of these wooden beams, Southwest archaeologists were able to determine the year in which the trees were cut through dendrochronology (chronological determination based on annual tree rings) and thereby to establish the year in which the building was constructed.

Gray, unfired anthropomorphic clay figurine. The left arm is missing. A clay «sausage» surrounds the head and the clay was slightly pinched to create the nose; the neck and hand are embellished with crosshatching; the base is rounded off. Such statuettes were placed in the ground on ceremonial occasions, particularly funerals. 2.52 x 1.76 x 0.4 inches; Fremont Culture, MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Spoon handle depicting a baby in a cradle. This ceramic fragment was found in the ruins at Wupatki National Monument (Arizona). Was it a decorated object for special occasions? Height: 3.2 inches. Anasazi Culture, MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Mug, 6.8 inches high, Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, Anasazi Culture, 1075-1150, CCP
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Shallow bowl, 12.4 inches diameter, Gila River Valley, Hohokam Culture, ASM
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Clay head, 1.12 inches high, Snaketown, Hohokam Culture, ASM
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Coiled pot, 8.8 inches high, Chaco Canyon, Anasazi Culture, 1000-1200, CCP
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Polychrome bowl, 10 inches diameter, Mogollon Culture, 1300-1400, HMP
HMP = Heard Museum, Phoenix (Arizona)

Spear point or knive of obsidian. Height: 2.6 inch Anasazi Culture, Bandelier National Monument (New Mexico).

Spear points or knives of flint. Height: 3 inches. Anasazi Culture, Bandelier National Monument (New Mexico).

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Black-on-white bowl with "kill" hole, 8.32 inches diameter, Mimbres Valley, UCM.
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Container from a kiva, 13 inches diameter, Mesa Verde, Anasazi Culture, MVM
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Polychrome vessel, 6.4 inches diameter, Kinishba, Salado-culture, MNA
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Anthropomorphic jar, 5.56 inches high, Keystone Ruin, Salado Culture, ASM
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Pottery from the various prehistoric cultures. Anthropomorphic vessel (polychrome), 6.2 inches high, Casas Grandes Culture (Mexico), AFM.
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Turquoise fragments and turquoise jewelry. - Turquoise pendant in the shape of a «thunderbird» with a hole for a thong, 0.96 inches long, 0.2 inches thick. Snaketown, Hohokam Culture, ASM
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Turquoise fragments and turquoise jewelry. - Mosaic of a bird with spread wings, made of rectangular and square pieces of turquoise. The middle piece is reddish limestone, also in the shape of a bird, 1.78 inches long, 0.2 inches thick, found in a gravesite, Sinagua Culture, MNA
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Turquoise fragments and turquoise jewelry. - Pendant made with 140 turquoise pieces and an argillite piece at the center, glued to the convex surface of a sea shell, 1.88 inches long, Sinagua Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Turquoise fragments and turquoise jewelry. - Jewelry with turquoise mosaic on a sea shell, 2.18 inches. Sinagua Culture, MNA
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Turquoise fragments and turquoise jewelry. - A pair of turquoise pendants or earrings, set at the center with a red shell, 1.24 inches long and 0.32 inches thick, Anasazi Culture, Kayenta area, ASM - Sea shell pendant, the convex surface of which is set with more than 340 turquoise pieces with a single red shell piece set in the center. Diameter: 3.64 inches. Mogollon Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Wooden necklace or pectoral, 19.8 inches diameter, and ear pendants, 2.2 inches diameter. Found in a grave at Chetro Ketl, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico), Anasazi Culture, CCP.
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Part of a wooden sculpture of a parrot, 6.6 inches high, from a grave at Chetra Ketl, Anasazi Culture, CCP.
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Tools, awls and needles of deer and bird bones. Length: from 2.86 inches. Mesa Verde (Colorado), Anasazi Culture, MVM. - Two bone fragments (perhaps deer) with incisings, which may have been used in games. Each l.12 inches long. Mesa Verde, Anasazi Culture, MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

A basket made using the coiling technique, of yucca fibers and decorated with geometric designs in red, green and yellow; the pigments were derived from minerals and plants. When the basket was discovered, it contained 48 ears of corn. Its shape is designed to facilitate transport. Height: 24 inches. Painted Cave, Lukachukai Mountains (Arizona), Anasazi Culture, AFM.
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Woven sandals made of yucca fiber. The sandal to the left is made with a more refined technique, from Mummy Cave, Canyon del Muerto in Canyon de Chelly (Arizona). The sandal on the right is from Long House, Mesa Verde National Park (Colorado). Both Anasazi Culture, MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Bracelet made of yucca fiber and set with more than 100 turquoise pieces. Length: 4 inches. Ceremonial Cave, El Paso (Texas), Basketmaker phase of the Anasazi Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Left: Basket woven of yucca fiber, found in a kiva at Mug House, Mesa Verde National Park (Colorado), Anasazi Culture, MVM. Right: Yucca fiber, best suited for items that would get rough use such as baskets and sandals.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Detail of woven cotton, one of the most beautiful examples found in the Southwest. The whole piece measures 28 x 24 inches. Tonto Cliff Dwelling (Arizona), Salado Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Wooden comb with 10 teeth, made of sharpened willow rods and yucca fiber. Length: 5.8 inches. Shiprock, west of Aztec (New Mexico), Anasazi Culture, CCP.
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Two wooden flutes, the mouthpieces of which have red, blue and black feathers attached with yucca fiber. The feathers came from several different southwestern birds. Length: 29.52 inches. Found in a pit house, Basketmaker III Period, Anasazi Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Round copper disk, divided into eight sections, with geometric designs, perhaps stylized feathers. The disk may have been fastened to a piece of clothing. Diameter: 9.68 inches. Casas Grandes (Mexico), AFM. Copper items reached the Southwest through trade channels starting in the 10th century. They were exchanged for pottery and turquoise and are most commonly found in Hohokam and Anasazi sites.
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Copper container shaped like a turtle and decorated with geometric figures. Length: 4 inches, height: 1.2 inches. Casas Grandes (Mexico), AFM.
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

From left (without arm clasp): Small copper bells which were used during religious ceremonies; diameters range from 1 to 1.28 inches. - Copper pendant, 2.16 inches high, weight .385 ounces. - Copper disk, perhaps a pendant, 1.78 inches diameter, .02 inches thick. - Copper axe with two holes and a haft set at 3/4 of its length. Length: 5.12 inches. Casas Grandes (Mexico), AFM.
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Ceremonial staff, a mortuary offering found in a grave in a kiva, carved out of the thigh bone of a grizzly bear with a precisely executed geometric design and a finely polished surface. Mogollon Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Shells with etched and painted animals and geometric designs. This etching technique, using cactus juice to eat away the surface, was employed in the Southwest 500 years before the technique was discovered by Europeans. - Shell pendant in the shape of a frog. Length: 1.64 inches. Hohokam Culture, ASM
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Shells with etched and painted animals and geometric designs. This etching technique, using cactus juice to eat away the surface, was employed in the Southwest 500 years before the technique was discovered by Europeans. - Concave inner surface of a shell with etched geometric design; the design elements are emphasized with the addition of turquoise and red pigment. Among the Hohokam pieces, this is among the most striking and beautiful. Width: 4.72 inches. ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Examples of Anasazi masonry. Wall with a dark sandstone frieze, 280 feet long, Aztec Ruins National Monument (New Mexico).

Examples of Anasazi masonry. The Mesa Verde style, which consists of nearly uniform stones, joined with mortar.

One of the great kivas of Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico); 60 feet in diameter. Middle: A fire altar; these square structures, covered with boards, may have been used as floor drums, on which people danced. Jewelry and cult items were found in the square niches built into the curved walls.

The long and beautiful succession of rooms on the ground floor of Pueblo Bonito, the most significant of the Southwest pueblos. The masonry attests to extraordinary building skill; the stones are so carefully fitted that mortar is superfluous. The beams protruding from the wall support the ceiling of the rooms.

Examples of partially underground pit houses, the oldest permanent shelter constructed by Southwest Indian people. Made of twigs and branches covered with mud they sheltered the inhabitants from the heat in the summer and cold in the winter. - Reconstruction of a Mogollon pit house; depth of the floor: 32 inches, Three Rivers Petroglyph Site (New Mexico).

Examples of Anasazi masonry. A wall constructed of parallel layers of narrow stone so precisely fitted that mortar was not needed, Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon.

Examples of Anasazi masonry. Masonry consisting of rough stones alternating with narrow, flat slabs, creating a decorative effect, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Access ladders, at Balcony House, Mesa Verde (Colorado)

Access - wide steps chipped out of the rock, from the floor of Chaco Canyon to the top of the cliffs

Roof of a restored kiva, Pecos National Monument (New Mexico). The ladder at the center leads into the subterranean ceremonial room.

Pendants made of jet with turquoise insets, Anasazi Culture, UCM
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

In order to reach the cliff dwellings or to climb along the canyon walls, Indians throughout the Southwest had chipped footsize steps into the stone. This is one such a "stairway" near White House Pueblo, Canyon de Chelly (Arizona).

Petroglyph with "stairway to heaven" or cloud pattern, both motifs commonly found in the Southwest. Using these pathways, a deceased Indian achieved heaven one step at a time. Height: 32.8 inches. Three Rivers Petroglyph Site (New Mexico).

View of Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico). Built between 930 and 1130, this pueblo has a diameter of 178 feet, which encompassed 800 rooms, 35 kivas and two great kivas (about 20 feet and 13 feet in diameter respectively). It was considered the largest immobile object in the world, until a larger one was created in ew York in 1882.

Typically cylindrical Chaco Canyon pottery, black on white, with geometric designs and four small handles at the rim. Height: 8.8 inches. 120 such pots were found in a grave at Pueblo Bonito; Anasazi Culture (Collection of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.), CCP.
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Montezuma Castle (Arizona), a cliff dwelling consisting of 20 rooms on five floors, inhabited by the Sinagua from 1100 until 1400. Ladders afforded the only access.

Montezuma Well, located within several miles of Montezuma Castle. A naturally occurring, spring fed limestone reservoir 18.5 feet deep and 158.5 feet wide.

Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde, one of the most famous Pueblo cliff dwellings. This Anasazi "city" was inhabited from 1073 to 1272. At its peak it numbered 200 rooms, 23 kivas and about 250 inhabitants. It was built under an overhanging cliff and is 330 feet long, 100 feet wide and 66 feet high.

Mummy Cave in Canyon del Muerto, one of the spectacular side canyons at Canyon de Chelly National Monument. This cliff dwelling is one of the most magnificent in northern Arizona. Many "mummies", their bodies flexed and laid on yucca mats, were found here, preserved by the dryness of the cave.

View into one of the kivas at Mug House, Mesa Verde (Colorado), with the six characteristic features: fire pit, deflector, sipapu, air shaft, pilasters and bench.

The restored kiva at Kuaua, Colorado State Monument (New Mexico), is known for its beautiful 15th-century frescoes. Those shown today are copies; the originals are stored in the nearby museum. The paintings, done in black, yellow, red, blue, green and white, are related to fertility rites involving prayers for rain and the good will of the gods and the Pueblo cosmogony.

The pueblo of Keet Seel (or Kiet Siel), Navajo National Monument (Arizona). 115 feet long and 16.5 feet deep, it is the largest cliff dwelling in Arizona. It encompasses six kivasand approximately 160 rooms, 75 of which are almost perfectly preserved.

The Pueblo of Betatakin, Navajo National Monument (Arizona), located a few miles southeast of Keet Seel. lt contains 135 rooms and was built into a 76-foot rocky overhang within the 160-foot-high red sandstone cliff.

Bowl and kiva vessel: Pottery characteristic of Mesa Verde, black on white, decorated with geometric designs, creating a kinetic positive-negative effect. Diameter: 10.4 inches. The ears of corn date from the time when Mesa Verde was inhabited. Anasazi Culture, MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Three "killed" Mimbres ceramic bowls, black on white, from the Mimbres Valley (New Mexico), Mogollon Culture. Left: Stylized representation of a human figure with a club such as those used to hunt rabbits, UCM.
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

Slate pallete in the shape of a lizard; 6.8 inches long, .36 inches thick. Mortuary offering, Hohokam Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Middle and bottom: Two small pendants of red shale, the upper one representing a stylized bird, the middle one a sun with a number of rays projecting from it, Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico), CCP.
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Two necklaces; the smaller one with turquoise stones was found wrapped around the wrist of a child, Sinagua Culture; the longer necklace is 9.6 inches and consists of about 236 stones (one in the shape of a bird). Mogollon Culture. Noseplug of blue-green travertine. Length: 1.6 inches. Sinagua Culture, MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Pipes, used as mortuary offerings and in healing ceremonies to blow smoke over the body of the sick person. Uppermost: clay pipe; 6 inches long, Bandelier National Monument (New Mexico), Anasazi Culture, MNM.
MNM = Collections of the Museum of New Mexico, Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe (New Mexico)

Pipes, used as mortuary offerings and in healing ceremonies to blow smoke over the body of the sick person. Two stone pipes, Sanders (Arizona), Anasazi Culture, MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Objects of clay and stone (perhaps jewelry), found largely in Hohokam burials. In the Southwest the Hohokam are considered the masters of such creations, an art characterized by its style and expressive quality. - Shallow clay bowl in the shape of a curled up snake. The incised lines represent the scaly skin; 4 inches diameter HMP.
HMP = Heard Museum, Phoenix (Arizona)

Objects of clay and stone (perhaps jewelry), found largely in Hohokam burials. In the Southwest the Hohokam are considered the masters of such creations, an art characterized by its style and expressive quality. - Basalt smoke maker in the shape of a big horn sheep (the horns have broken off). Length: 4.28 inches; ASM
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Objects of clay and stone (perhaps jewelry), found largely in Hohokam burials. In the Southwest the Hohokam are considered the masters of such creations, an art characterized by its style and expressive quality. - Sandstone object in the shape of a horned toad; 8 inches diameter, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Objects of clay and stone (perhaps jewelry), found largely in Hohokam burials. In the Southwest the Hohokam are considered the masters of such creations, an art characterized by its style and expressive quality. - Sandstone bowl with seven frogs (water symbol); 3.76 inches diameter, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Grooved hammer of gray porphyry; the wooden handle is held together with yucca fiber. Length: 13.4 inches. Mug House, Mesa Verde (Colorado), MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Flint projectile points, fastened to a wood shaft with animal sinew. The shaft is crudely sharpened at the end to prevent it from slipping off the atlatl; Basketmaker II Period, Anasazi Culture, MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Hohokam clay figurines, found at many large archaeological sites, ASM. - Sitting person, wrapped in a sort of shawl, with turban or an unusual hairstyle. Height: 4 inches.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Hohokam clay figurines, found at many large archaeological sites, ASM. - Sitting human figure with a shallow bowl on its head; both sides of the head are painted with designs in red. Height: 5 inches.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Mimbres pottery, black on white, Mogollon Culture. Each pot with a hole in the bottom represents a mortuary offering that was "killed," thereby setting its soul free. - Bowl with a stylized bat with spread wings, one of the finest examples of representative Mimbres pottery. Diameter: 9.84 inches. ASM
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Mimbres pottery, black on white, Mogollon Culture. Each pot with a hole in the bottom represents a mortuary offering that was "killed," thereby setting its soul free. - A pot in the shape of a bird with an opening at the head end. Diameter: 7.4 inches. MNA
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Mimbres pottery, black on white, Mogollon Culture. Each pot with a hole in the bottom represents a mortuary offering that was "killed," thereby setting its soul free. - Large pot Colla) with a narrow neck and two handles, decorated with the sun symbol, stars and the stairway to heaven; MNA
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Mimbres pottery, black on white, Mogollon Culture. Each pot with a hole in the bottom represents a mortuary offering that was "killed," thereby setting its soul free. - Bowl painted with a styled big-horn sheep, its body resembling a chessboard. Diameter: 9.44 inches. UCM
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

Detail of a richly decorated Mimbres bowl, black on white. In the middle is depicted a geometric pronghorn antelope with a rhomboid head and naturalistic antlers, mouth and hooves; at its widest point the diameter is 12.32 inches. Mimbres Valley (New Mexico), Mogollon Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Mimbres bowl, black on white, with stylized, naturalistic motifs; Mogollon Culture. - Scorpion within a circular design representing feathers. Diameter: 10.4 inches. MNM.
MNM = Collections of the Museum of New Mexico, Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe (New Mexico)

Mimbres bowl, black on white, with stylized, naturalistic motifs; Mogollon Culture. - Two deer-like animals, one in front ofthe other. The tail of one covers the back of both in a composition of striking simplicity. Diameter: 10.56 inches. UCM
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

Mimbres bowl, black on white, with stylized, naturalistic motifs; Mogollon Culture. - An animal biting its own tail, similar to the image of a coiled snake, the symbol of eternity. The naturalistic style clearly borders here onto pure geometry. 9.84 inches diameter, UCM.
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

This clay figurine once embellished the handle of a jar or a ladle. With almond-shaped eyes, prominent nose, expressionistic in style, it is comparable to the Hohokam figurines (see PUE-164 and PUE-165). Height: 2.76 inches. Mogollon Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

The ruins of houses (occupied between 650 and 900 A.D.) and a kiva in the small rock shelters of Yucca Cave at Canyon de Chelly ational Monument (Arizona); Basketmaker III and Pueblo I periods of the Anasazi Culture.

Anasazi pottery - Bowl, black on gray, with geometric designs (triangles with dots and crossed and zig-zag lines) on the inner surface; mortuary offering. Diameter: 7.24 inches. Wupatki National Monument (Arizona), Sinagua Culture, MNA
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Anasazi pottery - Ladle, black on white, geometric design, MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Anasazi pottery - Bowl, black on gray, with concentric lines and dots; 5.48 inches diameter, MNA
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

A selection of clay figurines made by the Hohokam, found largely in graves. The faces are quite detailed, eyes and mouths are incised, eyelids clearly delineated. As portraits and as death masks they illustrate the transition from reality to eternity. The median length of the faces is 1.2 inches; the tallest figurine measures 3.36 inches. ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Miniature clay representation of a «forked double basket» (an object with ceremonial significance?). Height: 6.20 inches. Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico), Anasazi Culture (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.), CCP.
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Hohokam pottery with geometric and naturalistic designs. - Lid of a grave jar. Red on ochre, with rhomboids with dots in the centers. Diameter: 6 inches. HMP - -Miniature pot, red on ochre, with N-shaped design. Height 3.6 inches. HMP
HMP = Heard Museum, Phoenix (Arizona)

Hohokam pottery with geometric and naturalistic designs. - Deep bowl, red on ochre, painted with spirals. Height: 2.4 inches. HMP.
HMP = Heard Museum, Phoenix (Arizona)

Hohokam pottery with geometric and naturalistic designs. - Three-legged pot, red on ochre, painted with a coiled snake motif, one of which is being attacked by two birds. Diameter: 4.72 inches. ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Hohokam pottery with geometric and naturalistic designs. - Deep bowl, with concentric circles and parallel lines, later repainted. Height: 2.8 inches. HMP. Pitcher found in a child's grave. Diameter: 5.2 inches. HMP
HMP = Heard Museum, Phoenix (Arizona)

Hohokam pottery with geometric and naturalistic designs. - Red on ochre pot with the enlarged head and body of a seated figure. Height: 6.48 inches. ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Mesa Verde pottery: two lids, black on white. Diameter: 3.64 inches. Mug House, Wetherill Mesa (Colorado), Anasazi Culture, MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Pottery from Casas Grandes (Mexico), Ramos polychrome, with well-executed, stylized geometric and naturalistic designs; several are anthropomorphic. The pots are painted with those design elements that were used over and over again in the Southwest, universal symbols like spirals, birds, stairways to heaven, etc. - Stylized rabbit figure. Diameter: 9.28 inches. AFM.
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Pottery from Casas Grandes (Mexico), Ramos polychrome, with well-executed, stylized geometric and naturalistic designs; several are anthropomorphic. The pots are painted with those design elements that were used over and over again in the Southwest, universal symbols like spirals, birds, stairways to heaven, etc. - Square pot with four legs, painted with deer (?) and the stairway to heaven design. 3.28 inches long on a side, 0.12 inches thick. AFM
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Pottery from Casas Grandes (Mexico), Ramos polychrome, with well-executed, stylized geometric and naturalistic designs; several are anthropomorphic. The pots are painted with those design elements that were used over and over again in the Southwest, universal symbols like spirals, birds, stairways to heaven, etc. - Spirals and birds, with a handle in the shape of a parrot's head. Height: 6.8 inches. AFM.
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Pottery from Casas Grandes (Mexico), Ramos polychrome, with well-executed, stylized geometric and naturalistic designs; several are anthropomorphic. The pots are painted with those design elements that were used over and over again in the Southwest, universal symbols like spirals, birds, stairways to heaven, etc. - Human face surrounded by parrot heads with large crooked beaks. Diameter: 8.04 inches. AFM
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Piece of pottery from Casas Grandes (Mexico). - Pottery with an anthropomorphic shape, a caricatured face with prominent chin and cheeks that end in ears. The mouth is indicated. The whole piece is somewhat humorous, a not uncommon characteristic of southwestern pottery. Height: 6.24 inches. AFM.
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Piece of pottery from Casas Grandes (Mexico). - Anthropomorphic pot with extended legs, arms parallel to the body, shaped eyes and nose. Length: 9.32 inches. AFM
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Piece of pottery from Casas Grandes (Mexico). - Red anthropomorphic pitcher with a flat head, almond-shaped eyes and shaped nose, chin and ears. Height: 7.6 inches. AFM
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Piece of pottery from Casas Grandes (Mexico). - Double mug. A large number ofthese mugs were found at Mesa Verde. Diameter: 5 inches. AFM.
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

Mug, black on white, with characteristic Chaco Canyon (New Mexico) decoration consisting of geometric lines and crosshatching, handle in the shape of a jaguar (?). Height: 7.84 inches. HMP.
HMP = Heard Museum, Phoenix (Arizona)

Typical Chaco Canyon pottery, black on white, with stairway-like motifs, triangles, chessboard squares, elongated spirals and crosshatched areas. Anasazi Culture. - Cylindrical pot. Height: 8.8 inches. MNM.
MNM = Collections of the Museum of New Mexico, Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe (New Mexico)

Typical Chaco Canyon pottery, black on white, with stairway-like motifs, triangles, chessboard squares, elongated spirals and crosshatched areas. Anasazi Culture. - Mug. Height: 6.8 inches. MMA
MMA = Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (New Mexico)

Typical Chaco Canyon pottery, black on white, with stairway-like motifs, triangles, chessboard squares, elongated spirals and crosshatched areas. Anasazi Culture. - Ladle in Mesa Verde style. Length: 13.6 inches. CCP
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Typical Chaco Canyon pottery, black on white, with stairway-like motifs, triangles, chessboard squares, elongated spirals and crosshatched areas. Anasazi Culture. - Ladle. Length: 5.2 inches. CCP
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Typical Chaco Canyon pottery, black on white, with stairway-like motifs, triangles, chessboard squares, elongated spirals and crosshatched areas. Anasazi Culture. - Bowl. Diameter: 8.0 inches. CCP
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Typical Chaco Canyon pottery, black on white, with stairway-like motifs, triangles, chessboard squares, elongated spirals and crosshatched areas. Anasazi Culture. - Bowl with painted rim. Diameter: 4.2 inches. CCP
CCP = Museum Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon (New Mexico)

Animal design on Mesa Verde pottery. - stylized deer - Mug House, Mesa Verde (Colorado), MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Animal design on Mesa Verde pottery. - stylized bird, perhaps a turkey - Mug House, Mesa Verde (Colorado), MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Water jar (olla) in the shape of a bird, painted in reddish brown on white, with a stylized deer or antelope head; cult object (or mortuary offering). Height: 9.64 inches. Mogollon Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Olla with two handles, black motif on a yellowish base, decorated with suns, stars, curved lines and hatched areas. Height: 12.96 inches. Mesa Verde (Colorado), Anasazi Culture, UCM.
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

Pitcher, black on white, richly painted, with handle in the shape of an animal (perhaps a dog with wings). Height: 7.32 inches. ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Mug, black on white. This drinking vessel was once broken and repaired in prehistoric times; the handle has a rare T-shaped cut-out. Height: 4 inches. Mesa Verde, Anasazi Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Water jar with incising. Length: 6.84 inches. Rio Grande Region, Anasazi Culture (Collection of A. Bandelier), ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Corrugated ware with yucca fiber twine; the base is made of juniper bark. Height: 9.8 inches. Kayenta Region, Anasazi Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Mesa Verde pottery: pots, pitchers and mugs, black on white with geometric designs. The double mug is among the most unusual pieces. Mesa Verde National Park (Colorado), MVM. - Water jar. Height: 3.0 inches. Wetherill Mesa (Colorado).
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Mesa Verde pottery: pots, pitchers and mugs, black on white with geometric designs. The double mug is among the most unusual pieces. Mesa Verde National Park (Colorado), MVM. - Double pitcher. Height: 3.8 inches.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Mesa Verde pottery: pots, pitchers and mugs, black on white with geometric designs. The double mug is among the most unusual pieces. Mesa Verde National Park (Colorado), MVM. - Kiva pot. Height: 5.6 inches; diameter: 7.76 inches at the widest point. Long House.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Mesa Verde pottery: pots, pitchers and mugs, black on white with geometric designs. The double mug is among the most unusual pieces. Mesa Verde National Park (Colorado), MVM. - Pitcher with handle. Height: 7.28 inches; diameter: 7 inches at widest point. Chapin Mesa
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Three bowls found in Hopi graves that represent a link between prehistoric and historic times with their continuity in form and decorative motifs; UCM. - Bowl, brown on ochre, with schematized animal. (PUE-179B/C)
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

Three bowls found in Hopi graves that represent a link between prehistoric and historic times with their continuity in form and decorative motifs; UCM. - Polychrome bowl with the magic hand symbol. Diameter: 10.56 inches. (PUE-179A/C)
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

Three bowls found in Hopi graves that represent a link between prehistoric and historic times with their continuity in form and decorative motifs; UCM. - Polychrome bowl, arm and hand (with schematized fingernails). Diameter: 10.4 inches. (PUE-179A/B) -- Museumdaten fehlen!
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

Red and white petroglyphs in Horseshoe Canyon, Barrier Creek, Canyonlands National Park (Utah). They are among the most beautiful petroglyphs of the Fremont Culture: impressive, priestly figures of men whose bodies are decorated with geometric designs (depicting clothing or body painting). There are innumerable theories as to what these figures represent: warriors, priests, dancers. Are they associated with hunting? There are deer on the rock to the right. The central figure is about 68 inches high.

The Ghost stands surrounded by smaller figures. Is he perhaps wearing a mask? The paintings have more or less natural human scale: The Ghost is 85 inches tall. Horseshoe Canyon, Barrier Creek, Canyonlands National Park (Utah).

The famous frieze of human figures that stretches for yards along the stone cliffs of Horseshoe Canyon. The entire length of the upper frieze is 140 feet. The general impression is of a procession on its way to a holy site. The paintings are a considerable distance from any inhabited place, which adds to their magical character. Canyonlands National Park (Utah), Fremont Culture.

Engraving of a deer and a thread-like human wearing feathers on his head. The body of the animal was created by chipping out tiny pieces of rock, a technique that makes it appear polished. Fremont River Gorge, Capital Reef National Park (Utah)

Drawing based on photograph. Hunting scene with men, animals and symbols (hand, bear paw, snake and corn cobs), picked engraving in Canyon De Chelly National Monument (Arizona).

Drawing based on photograph. Group of people, with trapezoid bodies and clearly recognizable feathers on their heads, and deer. The compositions are about 7 feet long. Fremont River Gorge, Capital Reef National Park (Utah).

Large figures with shields decorated with animal symbols (bear paws). The surfaces and lines are fairly evenly picked. The style is a blend of realism, naturalistic stylization and schematization. Height of one figure: 46 inches. Galisteo (New Mexico).

Rock engraving: human figures with feathers on their heads and decorated bodies, flanked by two stylized birds. The figure of Kokopelli, the hunchback flute player of the Southwest, can be seen to the right. The lower figure is 20 inches high and the upper one measures 24 inches. Galisteo (New Mexico).

Petroglyphs that are clearly magical in character. The colored paints were made of mineral and plant materials and were probably applied to the rock with fingers. The figures pictured here were painted in red and ochre, the "shields" in black and white. Courthouse Wash, Arches National Park (Utah).

Detail of an enormous human figure. Large eyes scrutinize us; two animals (deer?) cover the upper body; Horseshoe Canyon, Canyonlands National Park (Utah).

A cat-like beast of prey (a mountain lion?) engraved on a sandstone block. The animal is stylized; the vertical, stiff legs are juxtaposed with the curved line of the torso, which is repeated in the tail. The artist intended a certain realism: He emphasized the curved claws and gave the animal two large eyes and a wide open mouth. Length: 30 inches. Rainbow Forest Museum, Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona).

Engraved and painted pictograph titled The Three Kings. The figures survey us with their dignified glance from a height of 100 feet. They were first picked and then emphasized with color; remnants of the original pigment (hematite) have survived. The schematic figure to the right is done in relief. Spirals and sun symbols are numerous. The figures are wearing feathers on their heads, necklaces around their necks and belts around their waists; the dots and lines on the torsos may represent tattoos or body paint. The highly ceremonial character of the entire composition is obvious. Dry Fork Canyon near Vernal (Utah).

Petroglyphs, a magical scene with stylized figures. The largest has a body in the shape of a trapezoid. The lines are pecked; straight and curved lines harmonize with each other. The artist sought to balance the smooth surfaces with those that are pecked out. The representation is clear. Earrings, necklaces and feathers are the prevailing ornamentation; there is a magnificently decorated shield (12.8 inches diameter), which is carried by two people. McKee Springs, Dinosaur ational Monument (Utah).

Petroglyphs, very geometrically shaped figures with trapezoidal bodies, a decorated shield, feather headdresses and necklaces. Several lines were made by fine and consistent pecking, others were incised with the edge of a stone ax. Dry Fork Canyon, Uintah Basin Area (Utah).

Petroglyphs, very geometrically shaped figures with trapezoidal bodies, a decorated shield, feather headdresses and necklaces. Several lines were made by fine and consistent pecking, others were incised with the edge of a stone ax. The height of the human figure at the bottom right is 40 inches. Dry Fork Canyon, Uintah Basin Area (Utah).

Ten faces from a frieze called The Thirteen Faces. Polychrome painting of heads, which have masks and feather headdresses. Horse Canyon, Canyonlands ational Park (Utah).

Painted, mysterious shapes. The diameter of the concentric circle on the left is 74.4 inches. Near Salt Creek Canyon, Canyonlands National Park (Utah).

Paintings of "warriors" with richly embellished shields behind which only the heads and feet are visible; above them a frieze of dots. Figure to the left is 17.6 inches high. Peek-Aboo Spring, Salt Creek Canyon.

Shallow bowl, red on ochre. The composition is made up of four symmetrical sections of a circle, each depicting a dancer holding the waist of Kokopelli, the hunchback flute player, shown wearing a feather headdress. The bent legs and body indicate the movement of the dance. Diameter: 10.84 inches. Snaketown (Arizona), Hohokam Culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

A variety of signs and symbols-spirals, a snake, the sun, corn stalks, a labyrinth, very schematic human figures etc.-are clearly visible against the black and brown patina of the sandstone. Inscription Point, near Wupatki National Monument (Arizona).

Geometric designs are called labyrinths, a common motif found on Southwest pottery and baskets, but also in other parts of the world, such as Crete or the Italian Val Camonica. Length: approximately 48 inches. Magnetic Masa, Wupatki National Monument (Arizona).

Fremont petroglyph, a schematic person with a spiraled chest. Fremont River Gorge, Capitol Reef National Park (Utah)

Pottery in the Ramos polychrome style: effigy of a seated woman nursing a child; decorated with black and red designs of universal symbolic significance: the "stairway to heaven" and clouds, the chessboard, the spiral (symbol of fertility) and the lightning sign, which heralds rain (on the left leg). Height: 8.04 inches. Casas Grandes (Mexico), ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

The spiral and swastika are universal signs. They are found in the megalithic architecture on Malta, on African pottery, in Carnac, in the heart of the Sahara, and in the petroglyphs and pottery of the Southwest, such as that of the Anasazi pot. Black on white, 17.2 inches high, MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

The spiral and swastika are universal signs. They are found in the megalithic architecture on Malta, on African pottery, in Carnac, in the heart of the Sahara, and in the petroglyphs and pottery of the Southwest. A shallow bowl in the shape of a turtle shell. Length: 6.16 inches. Casas Grandes (Mexico), AFM.
AFM = Amerind Foundation Museum, Dragoon (Arizona)

On pottery as well as in pictogra phs universal signs are found over and over: zig-zag lines (representing lightning), tadpole or frog (water), the triangle, dot, etc. - Mimbres bowl, black on white. Diameter: 14.24 inches. HMP.
HMP = Heard Museum, Phoenix (Arizona)

On pottery as well as in pictogra phs universal signs are found over and over: zig-zag lines (representing lightning), tadpole or frog (water), the triangle, dot, etc. - Mimbres bowl, black on white, stylized insects and parallel lines. Diameter: 18.28 inches. UCM.
UCM = University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (Colorado)

Positive and negative handprints on friezes or in masterly compositions. The hand is a universally familiar symbol, found in all cultures at all times. - Red and ochre-colored hands under Kachina Bridge, Natural Bridges National Monument (Utah).

Positive and negative handprints on friezes or in masterly compositions. The hand is a universally familiar symbol, found in all cultures at all times. - Positive and negative impressions of hands (as well as people) painted in white, Canyon de Chelly National Monument (Arizona).

Positive and negative handprints on friezes or in masterly compositions. The hand is a universally familiar symbol, found in all cultures at all times. - Length of one of the large hands: 8 inches. Galisteo (New Mexico).

Positive and negative handprints on friezes or in masterly compositions. The hand is a universally familiar symbol, found in all cultures at all times. - near Peek-Aboo Spring, Salt Creek Canyonlands, Canyonlands National Park (Utah).

The stepped pyramid, or "stairway to heaven," symbolizes rain clouds as well as the paths that lead into the next world (as in ancient Egypt). The design is commonly found on pottery and in pictographs. - Painting of a frieze of birds sitting on the top of three pyramids, red on ochre. Height: 7.2 inches. Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument (New Mexico).

The stepped pyramid, or "stairway to heaven," symbolizes rain clouds as well as the paths that lead into the next world (as in ancient Egypt). The design is commonly found on pottery and in pictographs. - Painting inside a room at Long House Ruin. Length: 50.4 inches. Bandelier National Monument (New Mexico).

Historic Pueblo pottery has, to a large extent, retained the formal vocabulary of the prehistoric pots. - Hopi pot, made in 1935 by the Nampeyos, husband and wife. Polychrome, 14.56 inches diameter. Polacca (Arizona), MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Historic Pueblo pottery has, to a large extent, retained the formal vocabulary of the prehistoric pots. - Zuni pot with the "heartline" motif in the body ofthe deer, approximately 11.2 inches diameter. 19th century. MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Historic Pueblo pottery has, to a large extent, retained the formal vocabulary of the prehistoric pots. - Hopi pot, lower arm and hand with one finger only indicated, made between 1628 and 1750. Diameter: 10 inches. ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Historic Pueblo pottery has, to a large extent, retained the formal vocabulary of the prehistoric pots. - Pottery bowl with feather design (comparable to the painted Mimbres pot on page 160). Made in about 1957 by Maria Martinez, one of the best known contemporary Pueblo potters, from Pueblo San Ildefonso, New Mexico. Diameter: 11.88 inches.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Hopi kachina doll from about 1901. The kachinas are the supernatural beings personified by masked dancers in the important religious ceremonies. This colorfully painted doll carved of poplar wood is richly decorated and carries a bow. Height: approximately 12 inches. HMP
HMP = Heard Museum, Phoenix (Arizona)

A coiled basket with black geometric pattern. Diameter: 8.4 inches, Sinagua Culture, MNA.
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Objects of clay and stone (perhaps jewelry), found largely in Hohokam burials. In the Southwest the Hohokam are considered the masters of such creations, an art characterized by its style and expressive quality. - Bowl carved of rhyolite with a "bas" relief of women with joined hands; 3 inches diameter, ASM
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Hohokam clay figurines, found at many large archaeological sites, ASM. - Two ochre-colored deer. Length: 5.2 inches
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Hohokam clay figurines, found at many large archaeological sites, ASM. - Two big-horn sheep with geometric designs in red; the eyes are greatly emphasized. Height: 6.4 inches
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Anasazi pottery - Crudely finished pot; gray, outer and inner surfaces lightly polished; 8.4 inches diameter. Kayenta Branch, ASM
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Anasazi pottery - Pitcher with handle, black on white, with geometric designs. Height: 5.48 inches. MNA
MNA = Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff (Arizona)

Hopi pot, black on ochre, cylindrical shape, with stylized bird design, made about 1930. Height: 9.6 inches. MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Water jug (olla), with incised lines typical of the black-an-white pottery of Mesa Verde. The thongs fastened around it are of yucca for ease of canying. Diameter: 14.4 inches. Wetherill Mesa, Mesa Verde, MVM.
MVM = Mesa Verde National Park Museum (Colorado)

Finely worked spear and arrow points made of flint, quartz, obsidian and chalcedony. Maximum length about 3.6 inches. Snaketown (Arizona), Hohokam culture, ASM.
ASM = Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson (Arizona)

Hohokam pottery with geometric and naturalistic designs. - Flat bowl, red on ochre. Diameter: 12 inches. HMP
HMP = Heard Museum, Phoenix (Arizona)

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