In the camp at Oued Agamgam - Aïr - Niger

Decorated hands of a Targuia in the camp at Oued Timia - Niger

Nomad children in front of their tent in the camp near El Meki near Timia - Niger

Tuareg women take care of their goats in the camp near Oued Timia - Niger

The caravan crosses the desert near the Crab’s claw - in the background the Oued Arakao - Niger

March through the dunes of Erg Izane in the area of Chiriet - Niger

Crossing the almost endless desert of Erg Izane - Niger

The camp Bechar is situated at the well of Zakkat - Niger

Finally again water - camp Toufouchi - Guelta Enghar – Niger

The Tuareg women produce richly decorated camel covers - camp Zakkat - Niger

The desert of Erg Izane doesn't seem to have an end - Niger

Waterhole of Eres near Temet, Niger - Canisters are filled with the precious water by the Tuaregs and then transported by camels.

The well of Guelta Timia - Niger

Dead tree in a landscape of dunes of Tehouak - Niger

Guelta Iffazane - Niger - Water springs from the ground and flows through several degrees into a small lake.

Niger - On the western edge of the Aïr - engravings at the site Tanakom

Niger - Aïr – Site Tagueït-up - Fresco of carved giraffes

Dabous (Aïr occidentale) – Fresco with animals: giraffes, ibexes (?) Etc. The giraffe measures 1.15 m from nose to tail.

Tendarine (Niger-Aïr) – Engraving of giraffes and antelopes

Tuareg girl in the camp of Mechovi - Aïr - Niger.

A baby carrier made of goat leather for the little Djamila in the camp of Toufouchi – Aïr –Niger.

Dunes and a dead tree - This tiny dead tree contrasts with the immense and sensual sand dunes caressed by the wind. - Tenere - Niger

Objective Arakao - At the edge of the Aïr and the Ténéré, the Arakao mountains become visible on the horizon, setting the goal of a long day's march for the caravan. Caution: Bring enough water! - Niger / between Aïr and Tenere / 1999

Dunes in Arakao - The Arakao region is part of the Aïr Massif, which is still one of the most wooded areas in the Sahara. However, at the border of the Ténéré and its dunes, the already sparse vegetation disappears abruptly. - Niger / between Aïr and Ténéré / 1992

Exploring - Like a Scout leader, Abakaoua explores the narrow passage that leads to the top of the dunes of Ifiniyane.

Light caravan - For one-day trips, the camel drivers leave behind bags, riding saddles, food and feed supplies at the camp. They will only ride the camels when the heat makes walking unbearable. - Niger / between Aïr and Ténéré / 1999

Caravan leaving for Gouloukou - Gouloukou is marked on the map! The sound of the name is reminiscent of gurgling water. This is not surprising: Gouloukou is a fountain where tadpoles like to have fun. - Niger / between Aïr and Ténéré / 1999

Traces of the wind - Foot and hoof prints withstand only for a short time against the endless impressions the wind traces in the sand. - Niger / Ténéré / Erg Izane / 2001

Guelta of Enghar - Probably the coldest water in the Aïr! The sun never shines into the depths of this rock cleft on the trail to Toufouchi. - Niger / Aïr / 2001

Guelta of Agamgam - Among volcanic walls, clan chief Abakaoua leads his camels to a drinking hole and its amazingly fresh, cool water.

Hanging from the moon - In this lunar landscape, a tree spreads its network of roots and branches across a wide area to catch the meager dew necessary for its survival. Yet another miracle! - Niger / Aïr / Piste d'Agamgam / 1992

The only possible way - In a narrow canyon, the caravan of camels examine the only passable route through the rocky chaos. - Abri Ilem / Niger / Aïr

Rock-art site of Tanakom - At the edge of the Aïr mountains, the petroglyphs converge at the mouth of the wadis (valleys), where the savannah life prevailed the longest after the onset of desertification. They testify to the fact that giraffes and lions cavorted here with the animals of Neolithic cattle herders. - Niger / Between Aïr and Ténéré / 1992

A bit of family history - Abdelkrim ag Ahrmed, son of Ahrmed ag Chaoua, is the grand-son of Chaoua and comes from a dynasty of caravan leaders. In the language of the Tuareg, Tamacheq, “ag” means “son of”. - Niger / Aïr / 2003

The red boulder - A clear day on wadi Tafidet, which – though rarely – carries water from the Aïr to the Ténéré. Driven by an exceptional flood, this rock broke off its route and, when the sun reappeared, had landed here. - Niger / Ténéré / 1992

Where there’s water, there's life - The waterhole of Iffazane offers a rare treasure: water, which provides for fresh greenery throughout the year. - Niger / Aïr / 2002

Return from the well - The donkeys are tired, the water odres are full and the sun approaches its zenith: a common sight on the track between Iferouâne and Arlit. - Niger / Aïr / 2003

Selima, a Targuia from Zakkat - Her husband is still a nomad, but Selima has become sedentary. In the Zakkat oasis, she educates her two children and takes care of a herd of goats. A Targuia is a woman; a Tuareg, a man. - Niger / Aïr / 2001

Natural mosaic - Long before man existed, nature took over the sole raw material, stone, to draw and sculpt eternal forms. - Niger / Aïr / Takaloukouzet / Detail of the bedrock / 1993

Rock site of Tagueït - Was the Neolithic woman interested in fashion? At least that is what this image, set in stone by man long ago, seems to show. Height of the figure: 1.10 meters from the top of the hair to the base of the feet. - Niger / Eastern Aïr / Tagueït Site / 1992

Tuareg child - Framed by a tuft of hair dedicated to Allah and amulets bearing verses from the Koran, the look of this boy scans his whole future dedicated to faith. - Tezirzek / Aïr / Niger

Gazelle grass - In the Ténéré, vegetation is often limited to individual grasses, sparse food for gazelles and cattle, but a poetic toy for the wind.

Targuia at the fountain of Tezirzek - Between the high plateau of the Aïr Mountains and the Ténéré, the Tezirkek fountain attracts nomads and their animals. Unlike the men, the women do not wear a headscarf. - Niger / between Aïr and Ténéré / 2003

Dunes at Temet - In the dry season, the Wadi Temet consists only of a red-hot riverbed featuring the silhouette of a dead tree, which the dunes protect and threaten at the same time. - Niger / between Aïr and Ténéré / 2003

Marble and wood, a still life - A composition of desolate eternity in the land of Kel-Kédélé.

The two sisters of Toufouchi - Their features are clean; their look, determined. And a firm will is needed to survive in these inhospitable latitudes. The two sisters of Toufouchi look after the goats, cook, fetch water and find enough time in between for jokes and laughter.

Kids games - When his feet touch the ground, it will be time for the older child to become a man. Then the carefree days of childhood and adolescence will come to an end. - Niger / fountain of Tezirzek / 1992

Selima and son - Called «cul-nu» by the photographer, the son of Selima hides his tiny garment under the wide skirt of his mother. - Niger / Aïr / Zakkat / 2001

Dusk over the Arakao - The dead tree in backlight is reminiscent of a fallen figure by Giacometti. - Niger / between Aïr and Ténéré

Light and Shadow - The sun rises on Arakao. Nothing will disturb the silence of the shadows or the stillness of the light. - Niger / between Aïr and Ténéré / 1992

Tuareg warrior - With a single blow of his Takuba, Boubakar ag Mohamed has beheaded a jackal... what a feat! As the leader of a clan of ten families from the Kel Takriza tribe, formerly feared in the Sahel because of their raids against black farmers, today he is the most peaceful of Tuareg dignitaries – and the one wearing the most makeup! - Niger / Western Aïr

The prehistoric rock shelter of Afis - 2500 years ago, hunters, gatherers and cattle breeders lived in a once heavenly green savannah and painted the already magical and fascinating image of women on the rock wall. - Niger / Aïr / 2001

Draw me a shadow - Shadow of life, shadow of death in the solitude of the desert. - Niger / Between Aïr and Ténéré / 1999

Abakaoua, a Targi of the Kel Tédélé tribe - Symbol of the stubborn resistance of his people, chief Abakaoua ag Kanom is proud of his 72 years of age and wears an indigo cloth covering his head and shoulders, as well as khol makeup.

Balance - The sculptor god has chosen a huge space under the sky for the exhibition of his work. Admission is free for all who endeavor to come here. - Niger / between Aïr and Ténéré / 2000

At the edge of the Ténéré (Niger), the wind avidly shapes the beautiful dunes of Temet. This sea of sand is only limited by the high mountains of the Aïr in the distance.

In the Aïr, a pathfinder on foot looks for the best way to cross the dunes. - Erg Izane / Aïr / Niger

These two giraffes, etched into a rock ledge, are 6.50 m tall and were engraved around 8000 b.C. (Dabous site, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger).

Niger - The Tuareg chief Abakaoua from the Aïr region

Crossing the Tagardet pass in the Aïr mountains.

Near the waterhole of Baloumat, a great boulder offers shelter.

Taguella is bread made of wheat and baked in the sand.

Between the Aïr and the Ténéré (Arakao, Niger), it is dusk in the Sahara and the “crab pincer” of the mountains suddenly forms one of the most beautiful dunes in the world.

At the edge of the Ténéré, Chef Abakaoua leads the way.

Arrival at the Kel Tédélé camp site.

Sheltered by trees at the Kel Tédélé camp site.

The pantry – or the best way to keep food out of animal reach.

Preparing tea at the Toufouchi camp site. (Aïr, Niger)

A cradle made of goat leather for little Djamila. (Toufouchi, Aïr, Niger)

A Tuareg woman, placid pride rooted in a millennia-old matriarchate. (Oued Tchioulmas, Aïr, Niger)

Mother and children at the Arali camp site. (Oued Issaouane, Aïr, Niger)

Tima using her goat´s milk to make a cheese called Tukemarine. (Toufouchi, Aïr, Niger)

Tuareg nomads selling salt cakes at the camp site. (Camp Aouï, Aïr, Niger)

White marble rising from the sands in the Kogo region. (Oued Gouloukou, Aïr, Niger)

Here at the guelta one can find the precious liquid, even when the river dries up. - Guelta Baloumat / Aïr / Niger

In the morning light, a caravan strolls in the Temet wadi - Aïr / Niger

Filling up with water for people and camels at the Takarit well. (Oued Takarit / Aïr / Niger)

«Water is life» – filling the guerba, made of goat leather. (Guelta Baloumat / Aïr / Niger)

This Tuareg boy´s hair plaits are consecrated to Allah. - Campement Abakaoua / Puits de Faris / Tezirzek / Aïr / Niger

The guelta of Agamgam, last station before crossing the Ténéré. - Aïr / Niger

Hunter or warrior? This engraving, still unknown to the public, dates back to 3000 b.C. - Abri Ilem / Tamgak / Aïr / Niger

Rock engravings at Tanakom: Giraffes and cattle at a time when the Sahara was still green.

Tagueït prehistoric site: Was this Neolithic woman interested in fashion?

Herds of giraffes engraved on the rocks at Tagueït. - Aïr / Niger

Dried plant in the dunes - Erg Brousset / Ténéré / Niger

Arakao, dunes and dead tree - between Aïr and Ténéré / Niger

Dunes in the region of Tagueït - Aïr / Niger

Arakao, dead tree - Aïr / Niger

Portrait of a young Touareg - Faris / Aïr / Niger

Dead tree at Tagueït - Aïr / Niger

White marble rising from the sands in the Kogo region. (Oued Gouloukou, Aïr, Niger)

The Tuareg Kel Tédélé - Kogo / Aïr / Niger

Oued Adjirigoudou, Takabar volcano - Aïr / Niger

Climb to the guelta d'Agamgam - Aïr / Niger

Touareg woman at the well of Faris - Aïr / Niger

Aïr / Descent to Adrar Chiriet At the end of a long and beautiful day in the desert, the tired caravan will set up camp in the pasture, between dunes and mountains. Tomorrow will be another day.

Aïr / Toufouchi / Beauties of the desert In the camps the camel-drivers find their wives dressed with their finest attires, like the sailors on their return to the harbour....

Aïr / Toufouchi / Pantry Food and cooking utensils are placed high to protect them against animals. All the containers come from nature, except the pot.

Zakkat / Building a roof In the oases, the nomads exchange meat and milk for the grain of the gardeners and the tools of the blacksmiths. The huts are often made of straw and leaves.

Aïr / Camp Chanounou / A veil of respect To guide the ancestral way of life, tradition and freedom are combined with respect for each other.

Toufouchi / Gift of the sky In the shade of a tree, swinging gently in a goat skin hanging from a supple branch, the young child is the object of all attention.

Toufouchi / The school of life In order to participate in the life of the camp, the girl learns the necessary skills at an early age so she can help the family. Here she is preparing to grind millet in a mortar.

Arakao / The reward Nestled in the heart of the desert, the site of Tchin-Taborak is a jewel like no other. Here is the image of eternity and peace of soul.

Erg Izane / Waking up in the heart of the world Immense, mystical and intimate at the same time, the deep Sahara reveals itself to those who show themselves worthy. Patience, humility and respect are the keys.

Tuareg blacksmith woman (Tézirzek well / Aïr / Niger / 1992)

Wife of Chanounou, chief of a traditional Tuareg tribe (North of Aïr / Niger / 2001)

Woman wearing feathers, engraving of the horse period (Tagueït / Aïr / Niger)

Getting into another world
The caravan is about to enter a mineral universe that is no longer the world of men but that of an intact nature where only the nomads know how to survive.
Niger - Aïr - Erg Izane - 2002

Pantry
Or how to store food out of reach of animals.
Niger - Aïr - Toufouchi camp - 2001

Entering another world
The caravan is about to enter a mineral universe that is no longer the world of men but that of an intact nature where only the nomads can survive.
Niger - Aïr - Erg Izane - 2002

Abakaoua
In his indigo outfit, chief Abakaoua ag Kanom, a symbol of the stubborn resistance of the Touareg Kel Tédélé people, proudly wears his 72 years and underlines the tenacious will of his gaze with a line of khol.
Niger - Aïr - 2003

Caravan
In the Aïr, the guide searches on foot for the best passage for his caravan through the dunes. Niger - Aïr - Erg Izane - 2000

In the morning light
Caravan in the Temet wadi.
Niger - Aïr - 2003

The Sahara is a desert in the true sense of the word only for those who have never seen it. The slightest rain, the poorest humidity and the smallest water hole already allow for a vegetation that never ceases to amaze the traveller. And how much life then develops around the freshly sprouted plant .... Even the wind compels the weak stems of the "gazelle grass" to mark its all too constant direction, using them instead of a compass. - Enneri Blaka - Niger - 1975

Témet is a dry valley in the Agadez region. It runs from Mont Gréboun in the high mountains of Aïr to the Ténéré desert to the east. In rainy years, a lake can form in the desert. But the extreme temperatures soon cause it to dry up. - Témet - Ténéré - Niger - 1975

Témet is a dry valley in the Agadez region. It runs from Mont Gréboun (1944 m) in the high mountains of Aïr to the Ténéré desert to the east. In Témet are the highest sand dunes of the Ténéré, which can reach a height of 300 metres. - Témet - Ténéré - Niger - 1975

Témet is a dry valley in the Agadez region. The only water source in the valley, which often dries up in the dry season, is located in the upper part at Mont Gréboun. In rainy years, a diverse flora with a Mediterranean flavour can develop. - Témet - Ténéré - Niger - 1975

Erosion form from the Adrar Bous area - West Ténéré - Niger - 1975

Camel market in In-Gall in Aïr (Republic of Niger). As in all marketplaces in Africa, people haggle extensively. The Tuareg are very vain. They often wear bracelets made of stone, e.g. serpentine, slate or limestone, above their elbows. The man in the white gandura on the left has a braid hanging from the litham on either side of his head, a custom typical of the Aïr. – Niger - 1966

This boulder is located in the Oued Tâfidet in the transition zone between the Aïr Mountains and the Ténéré Desert - Niger - 1992

This boulder is located in the Oued Ibil in the transition zone between the Aïr Mountains and the Ténéré Desert - Niger - 1992

These rock needles were put there by human hands. However, it is not known what they mean. - Oued Ibill - Aïr - Niger - 1992

The sand dunes at the entrance to Wadi Tagueït. - Niger - 1992

In the region of Tagueït - Aïr - Niger - 1999

On the way to the Tagueït waterhole - Niger - 2000

The dromedaries are led to the nearby well of Ibil, where they can quench their thirst. - Tagueït - Niger 2002

The dromedaries have quenched their thirst in nearby Ibil and return to the camp at Tagueït. - Niger 2002

Landscape with tree, bushes and dune near Tagueït. See next photo. - Niger - 1992

10 years later! Landscape with tree, bushes and dune near Tagueït - Niger - 2002

Landscape near Tagueït - Aïr - Niger - 2001

This fresco of giraffes, remarkable for the stencilling and line engraving it required, does not date from the same period as the two figures, including an archer, preceding the herd, which appear to be much more recent. The main animals are between 0.60 m and 0.80 m tall. The rock itself is 2.40 m long. - Tagueït – Aïr – Niger - 2002

Rock engraving, found on the left side of the Wadi Tagueït. - Niger - 2001

Site of the rock engraving on the edge of the Ténéré desert - The man of Tagueït - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The Man of Tagueït - Rock engraving on the edge of the Ténéré desert - Aïr - Niger - 2000

These giraffes can be found in the lower part of the Oued Tagueït. Do they come from the pastoral period? - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the lower part of the Oued Tagueït - end of the pastoral period. Five highly stylised giraffes. From the head to the base of the legs of the largest giraffe: 0.95 metres. - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the lower part of the Oued Tagueït - Punched giraffe and ostriches on boulders. Height of the stone: 0.50 m. - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan approaches Anakom, another site of rock engravings - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Landscape near Anakom - Aïr - Niger - 2000

It can take thousands of years for the solid rock to turn into mobile sand. - At Anakom - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Still life in the Oued Torguit - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Life and death - Still life in the Oued Torguit - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Where there is enough moisture, plants can sprout - Oued Torguit - Aïr - Niger - 1999

The Guelta Anakom, a water source between rock faces on the eastern slope of the Takolokouzet - Aïr - Niger - 2000

In the camp at Guelta Anakom - A saddle has to be repaired - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Abakaoua, the chief of the Tuareg tribe Tel-Kédélé - Oued Torguit - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Descent over the dunes of Torguit - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Descent to the Oued Tanakom - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Travelling between Anakom and Agamgam - Descent over the dunes of Torguit - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Still life in the dunes of Tanakom - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan en route to Agamgam - The dunes of Torguit - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan on the Takolokouzet plateau - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A herd of goats in the upper part of the Oued Agamgam, descending from the high plateau of Takolokouzet - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The caravan descending from the Takolokouzet plateau - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A herd of goats descending from the high plateau of Takolokouzet - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Descent to the Oued Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1999

The caravan stops at Guelta Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The dromedaries quench their thirst at the Guelta Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Passage through the Agamgam Gorge - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Evening atmosphere in the camp at Guelta Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1999

In the evening light the caravan reaches the Oued Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan in the Oued Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1999

An acacia tree in the Oued Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1992

The same acacia tree in the Oued Agamgam, seven years later - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Landscape in the Oued Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1992

The Guelta Agamgam between rock faces - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Dromedary camels fetch water in Guelta Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Evening atmosphere in the camp at Guelta Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Passage through the Agamgam Gorge - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The feet of a Tuareg nomad - Guelta Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Mobile pantry in the camp at Oued Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Camp Agamgam - Pumpkin container that is usually filled with milk, yoghurt or cream cheese. - Aïr - Niger - 1992

In Camp Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1992

A grasshopper in the bushes in the Oued Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Landscape in the Oued Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1999

The caravan reaches the Oued Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The valley of Tafajrit near Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1999

In the valley of Tafajrit near Agamgam - Aïr - Niger - 1999

The caravan between Agamgam and Tafajrit - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Camp Tafajrit - The dromedaries eat the greenery from the sparse trees - Aïr - Niger - 1999

The caravan in the Arakao - Aïr - Niger - 1999

The caravan passes through the exit of a canyon into the Arakao. - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Balance - The sculpting god has chosen an immense open-air space for the exhibition of his works. Admission is free for all who make the effort to come here. - Tideloukoumt between Aïr and Ténéré - Niger - 1999

Stone mill in the middle of the Arakao - Aïr - Niger – 1999

Nomad grave in the middle of the Arakao - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Punched giraffe and cattle on a boulder between Arakao and the grotto at the big dune - Aïr - Niger - 2002

There are many rock engraving sites in the Oued Arakao. - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Dunes in Arakao - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The Arakao region is part of the Aïr mountain range, which is one of the most heavily forested areas in the Sahara. But on the border with the Ténéré and its dunes, the already sparse vegetation disappears abruptly. - Aïr - Niger - 1992

A Moulay Moulay bird sits on a dead tree stump in the middle of the Arakao. - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Arakao dunes and the remains of a dead tree - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Light and shadow - Day breaks in Arakao. Nothing will disturb the silence of the shadow and the oppressive rigidity of the light - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Afternoon in the Arakao. The shadows trace the majesty of the dunes on the sand - Tideloukoumt - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Dunes at Tideloukoumt - On the border between Ténéré and Aïr, the Arakao mountains mark the horizon and are the destination of a long day's march for the caravan. - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Near Tideloukoumt in the Arakao region - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Shadows of life, shadows of death in the solitude of the desert. - Near Tideloukoumt in the Arakao region - Aïr - Niger - 1999

As a scout, the guide Abakaoua explores the narrow passage that leads to the top of the Ifiniyane dunes. - Aïr - Niger - 1999

After a long day's march, the dromedaries are led to the drinking trough. - Aïr - Niger - 1999

On the way we collect food for the dromedaries. - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Lone tree in the area of Tineken in the Arakao. - Aïr - Niger - 1999

The day's hike is coming to an end. We soon reach the camp site for the night. - Tineken - Arakao - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Landscape with tree and dunes in Arakao - Aïr - Niger - 1992

In the Arakao dunes, the approaching darkness drives the gold of the sand into the arms of a cobalt-coloured sky. - Aïr - Niger - 1999

At the edge of the Ténéré, at the end of the Oued Arakao, there is a natural, circular mountain range: the Crab Claw. The caravan crosses this area, which is dotted with sand dunes. - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Still life at the edge of the Crab Claw - Aïr - Niger - 2000

At the edge of the Ténéré, at the end of the Oued Arakao, there is a natural, circular mountain range: the Crab Clow. The caravan crosses this area, which is dotted with sand dunes. - Aïr - Niger - 2000

In the camp at the Crab Claw at the end of the Oued Arakao - Aïr - Niger - 2000

A Targia in the camp at the Crab Claw at the end of the Oued Arakao - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Crossing the Crab Claw on the edge of the Ténéré - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Sand wind in the Crab Claw at the edge of the Ténéré - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The caravan crosses the Crab Claw at the edge of the Ténéré - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The dunes of Tchi-n-Taboûrak rise on the north side of the Crab Claw - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Dune ascent at Tchi-n-Taboûrak - The dromedaries took the route around the outside of the dunes - Aïr - Niger - 2002

After the crab claw, you follow the Oued Takarit before reaching the large Erg Izane. - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The last large waterhole is in the Oued Takarit. Here you "fill up" with as much water as possible before entering the large sea of dunes of Erg Izane. - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The last large waterhole is in the Oued Takarit. As much water as possible is "refuelled" here before heading into the large sea of dunes of Erg Izane. - Aïr - Niger - 2002

On the threshold of the entrance to Erg Izane, a large sea of sand dunes. - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Camp in the dunes of Lérouanan - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

On the threshold of the entrance to Erg Izane, a large sea of sand dunes. - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The dromedaries return from grazing - Camp in the dunes of Lérouanan - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Sand-blown marble on the edge of Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Still life at the edge of Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Arrival at the Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg camp in the Oued Gouloukou - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Nomad tent over a wooden scaffolding in the camp of the Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg in the Oued Gouloukou - Kogo - Aïr - Niger - 1992

In the camp of the Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg in the Oued Gouloukou - Kogo - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Targia with child in the Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg camp in the Oued Gouloukou - The mortar is hand-carved from aborak wood and is also used as a musical instrument when reversed and covered with a goatskin. The stick is made of acacia wood. - Kogo - Aïr - Niger - 1992

The goat's milk is stored in a gourd container. - Camp of the Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg - Oued Gouloukou - Kogo - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Boy in the Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg camp in the Oued Gouloukou - Kogo - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Girl and baby in the Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg camp in the Oued Gouloukou - The mortar is hand-carved from aborak wood and is also used as a musical instrument when reversed and covered with a goatskin. The stick is made of acacia wood. - Kogo - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Preparing food in the Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg camp - Oued Gouloukou - Kogo - Aïr - Niger - 1992

A goat being milked - Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg camp - Oued Gouloukou - Kogo - Aïr - Niger - 1992

In the camp of the Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg in the Oued Gouloukou - Kogo - Air - Niger - 1992

The well of Faris. Right beside it grows an Aborak tree, a desert date palm (Balanites aegyptiaca) - Air - Niger - 1992

In the camp near the well of Faris - Air - Niger - 1992

Targi in the camp near the well of Faris - Air - Niger - 1992

Ahmed ag Kanom, the brother of the clan chief Abakaoua - Camp of the Kel-Tédélé-Tuareg - Oued Gouloukou - Kogo - Air - Niger - 1992

Young Targia in the Kel-Tédélé camp in the Oued Tchiulmas at the foot of the Tamgak massif - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Targia in the Kel-Tédélé camp in the Oued Tchiulmas at the foot of the Tamgak massif - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Before crossing a desert, one must stock up on firewood. - At the camp of Elik-Ouan-Aggan - Air - Niger - 2001

The clan chief Abakaoua of the Kel-Tédélé - Oued Gouloukou - Kogo - Air - Niger - 1992

Setting off to cross the Erg Izane - Oued Gouloukou - Kogo - Air - Niger - 1992

Setting off to cross the Erg Izane - Issouane - Air - Niger - 2002

Setting off to cross the Erg Izane - To the right, at the back, is the area of Tchi-n-Taboûrak, from where we departed. - Issouane - Air - Niger - 2002

Abakaoua indicates the direction to cross the Erg Izane - Issouane - Air - Niger - 2000

The caravan begins to cross the Erg Izane - Issouane - Air - Niger - 2000

On the way in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2001

On the way in the Erg Izane - Abakaoua is lost in silent prayer - Air - Niger - 2001

The day is coming to an end in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2001

Dunes in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2000

Tracks in the sand of the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2000

Dead nature in the sand of the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2000

On the way in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2001

Rest break on the way in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2000

On the way in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2000

Halt in the Erg Izane - The camels eat the fodder that must be carried - Air - Niger - 2000

The caravan on the way in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2000

The caravan on the way in the Erg Izane - The scout explores the best path - Air - Niger - 2000

Halt in the late afternoon in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2000

The caravan continues its journey - Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2000

The caravan on the way in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

The traces of the caravan in the Erg Izane will soon be erased by the wind - Air - Niger - 2002

In the dunes of the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2001

On the way in the Erg Izane to the camp of Elik-Ouan-Aggan. In the background, the Taghmert Mountain. - Air - Niger - 2001

On the way in the Erg Izane to the camp of Elik-Ouan-Aggan. - Air - Niger - 2001

On the way in the Erg Izane to the camp of Elik-Ouan-Aggan. In the background, the Taghmert Mountain. - Air - Niger - 2001

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2001

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane. The Sloughi Temet is also there - Air - Niger - 2002

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

Even the Sloughi Temet takes a break in the shade of a dromedary - Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane - In the background, the mountain Adrar Chiriet - Air - Niger - 2002

On the way in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

On the way in the Erg Izane - A dromedary needs to be reloaded - Air - Niger - 2000

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane - In the background, the mountain Adrar Chiriet - Air - Niger - 2002

On the way in the sand sea of the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

In the Erg Izane, you occasionally come across a marble hill - Air - Niger - 2002

On the way in the sand sea of the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

In the late afternoon in the sand sea of the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane - In the background, on the left the mountain Adrar Chiriet, on the right in the distance a marble hill - Air - Niger - 2002

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane - In the background, a marble hill - Air - Niger - 2002

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane - In the background, the mountain Adrar Chiriet - Air - Niger - 2002

Immersing into another world - The caravan enters another universe that is no longer the world of humans. In this untouched nature, only the nomads can survive. - On the left, the Adrar Chiriet - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Crossing the sand sea Erg Izane - In the background, the mountain Adrar Chiriet - Air - Niger - 2002

In the late afternoon in the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

In the late afternoon in the Erg Izane - The hour of prayer - Air - Niger - 2002

In the late afternoon in the Erg Izane - In the background, the mountain Adrar Chiriet - Air - Niger - 2002

In the middle of the Erg Izane rises an imposing hill of white marble - Léouanan - Air - Niger - 2002

The march continues through the dunes of the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2002

The march continues through the dunes of the Erg Izan - Air - Niger - 2002

The march continues through the dunes of the Erg Izan - In the back left the Adrar Chiriet - Air - Niger - 2002

The wind is the sculptor of the desert - Air - Niger - 2000

The caravan on the march through the sand sea of the Erg Izane - Air - Niger - 2000

The scout always goes ahead, looking for the best way through the dunes - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The Adrar Chiriet, a huge volcanic massif in the middle of the desert, is home to a small population of Barbary sheeps, the wild sheep of North Africa that resembles the ibex, and blocks the path of caravans that have to bypass the mountain range in the middle of the Ténéré. - Aïr - Niger - 2000

During the night, the Dromedae search for food on the plain in front of the Adrar Chiriet - The camp has been set up on the right behind the dunes - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan approaches the plain in front of the Adrar Chiriet - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The camp against the backdrop of Adrar Chiriet - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The camp is broken, the dromedaries are loaded again and then the journey continues to Adrar Chiriet - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The dromedary is also called the ship of the desert - Aïr - Niger - 2000

This tree can no longer live without water. Now it still serves as firewood - Aïr - Niger - 1992

When the vital water of a well dries up, only death remains - Aïr - Niger - 1992

A beetle has left its trail on the way to Adrar Chiriet - Aïr - Niger - 2000

A pottery shard as a witness to a past culture - Adrar Chiriet - Aïr - Niger - 1992

The fruits of an acacia tree - called afagag in the Tuareg language - serve as fodder for the goats - Adrar Chiriet - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Boys and girls in the camp of Abakaoua, the Kel-Tédélé clan leader - Adrar Chiriet - Aïr - Niger - 1992

A young Targia in the camp of Abakaoua, the clan leader of the Kel-Tédélé - Adrar Chiriet - Aïr - Niger - 1992

The caravan leaves the Adrar Chiriet area - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The caravan travelling through Erg Izane towards Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Food found on the way for the dromedaries is gladly taken along - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

And on we go, even when the sun is burning - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Lunch stop - resting during the hottest part of the day - Feeding the dromedaries - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Lunch stop - Temet, the Azawakh taking a siesta - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A tent is quickly erected for the kitchen - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The Tuareg erect a tent and seek shelter from the blazing sun - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Everyone rests during the hottest part of the day - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

In the afternoon we continue towards Taghmert - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Under the full moon shining in the sky, the caravan marches through the endless dunes of Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A dromedary carries the tarahuit, the traditional women's saddle - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The caravan on its way towards Taghmert - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The caravan on the way to Taghmert - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Imposing dune - the Taghmert Mountains on the horizon - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan on the way to Taghmert - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The dromedaries come back from grazing - In the background the Tamgak Mountains - Near Adrar Chiriet - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Travelling from Adrar Chiriet to Tamgak - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

And on we go, even when the sun is burning - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

It's midday - The shady tent is pitched - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Resting under the shady tent during the heat of the day - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

I wonder what the cook is preparing? - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Lunch break - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The march continues in the direction of Tamgak - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The march continues towards Tamgak - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The march continues in the direction of Tamgak - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the Tebet area, the dunes gradually give way to wind-polished boulders - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Landscape at Camp Tanao - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Landscape at Camp Tanao - On the left the Tamgak Mountains, in the background the Adrar Chiriet - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

On the other side in the background the Taghmert, in the middle ground Tebet - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The camp of Tanao against the backdrop of the Tamgak - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The Tanao camp against the backdrop of the Tamgak - Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

This series of pictures shows the construction of a tataram as it is carried out by the sedentary Tuareg. The photos were taken in November / December 2001 in the area of the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers, about 5 km east of Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Women have a special status among the Tuareg. The Targia are very highly respected. They are allowed to choose who and when they marry. The prerequisite is that the chosen one can pay the bride price. Married couples usually live monogamously. The children receive their social status through their mother. While women in Arab Islam still have problems getting divorced today, the Targia can divorce at their own request. In the event of divorce, the children remain with their mother - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The size of the tataram is determined with a circular line. The supporting posts are then dug in at intervals of about one metre. These posts are made from a tree called Apple of Sodom (Calotropis procera), also known as roostertree, a shrub or small tree that grows to a height of 1 to 6 metres. These branches are reinforced and extended with the strong leaf stalk of the palm fronds of the date palm, so that the interior of the new hut is covered - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Whether a tent, hut or house in which the family lives is owned by the woman. Building a house is also part of the Tuareg woman's job. The women have a say and express their opinions: they take an active part in the discussions at the tea ceremonies - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The man's help is limited solely to procuring the raw material. Here a young Targi climbs a doum palm (Hyphaene) to cut off the leaves. This type of palm is characterised by a strong above-ground branching of the trunks, which is otherwise rare in palm trees - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The fan-like leaves of the doum palm are divided into their individual leaves. These parts in turn serve as ‘strings’ with which the posts and leaf stalks of the date palm are tied together - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Tying together the posts and leaf stalks of the date palms - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The basic framework with the main beams for the roof is in place - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Now the beams are connected horizontally with further leaf stalks of the date palm to create a solid framework - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The wheat straw is tied vertically to this scaffolding - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Half of the wall is already covered with wheat straw, carefully tied to the scaffolding with the leaves of the doum palm - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The wall of the hut is completely covered with wheat straw, only the opening for the door remains free - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The wall of the hut has been fixed all round with wheat straw, only the opening for the door remains free - Aïr - Niger - 2001

At head height, a first ring of branches of the tree called Apple of Sodom (Calotropis procera), also known as roostertree, is now fixed for stabilisation - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The Targias have brought their mortars from aborak wood, which makes it easier for them to lash the stabilising ring - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A large amount of wheat straw is still needed before the roof is finished - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Layer after layer of wheat straw is now fixed in place like tiles and lashed down with a tyre made of the same material - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Layer after layer of wheat straw is now being laid down like bricks and lashed down with a tyre of the same material - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A ring is made to secure the wheat straw - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Layer after layer of wheat straw is now fixed all round like bricks and secured with a ring of the same material - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The skeleton is clearly visible inside the hut. Above it, the layers of wheat straw are tied down and form a dome - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The skeleton is clearly visible inside the hut. Above it, the layers of wheat straw are tightly bound and form a dome - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The roof construction is nearing completion. The wheat straw is tied down layer by layer. This prevents rainwater from entering the hut - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The roof will soon be finished. The only thing missing is the finish - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Finally, a rain-repellent mat woven from palm leaves is tied around the smoke opening - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The hut is finished. The door is also fixed. The family can move into their new home - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The Adrar Bous is a 1123-metre-high mountain on the north-eastern edge of the Aïr high mountains in Niger. It is surrounded by the Ténéré desert and is part of the Aïr and Ténéré UNESCO World Heritage Nature Reserve. The mountain has an elliptical shape covering an area of 16 by 10 kilometres. The Adrar Bous is a refuge for Palaearctic migratory birds in the middle of the desert. Typical woody plants for the mountain are Acacia ehrenbergiana and Acacia raddiana (pictured). The isolated mountain was inhabited in the Neolithic period, as evidenced by sites with 10,000-year-old human remains. Arrowheads and tools have been found, as well as Sahara rock paintings, 9500-year-old pottery and a 6000-year-old cattle burial. - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Camp at the foot of the Adrar Bous - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan has left Adrar Bous and is on its way south - Temet region - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Camp in the Temet region, south of Adrar Bous - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan continues southwards - Temet region - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Dune spectacle in the Temet region - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan before arriving in Bous - Temet region - Niger - Aïr - 2003

View of the caravan from the Bous barrier - Temet region - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan moves in the morning light in Wadi Temet - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Dunes at Temet - In the dry season, the Wadi Temet consists only of a scorching hot riverbed, at the edge of which a lone tree struggles to survive - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan travelling in the dry riverbed of the Wadi Temet - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan in a dry valley with sparse vegetation in the Temet region - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Citrullus Colocynthis: In the Wadis or valleys, you can easily find large fields of small pumpkins or watermelons. They are round balls scattered on the ground. Some are fresh, others are dried. You are not allowed to eat them, but they are used for medicinal purposes. For rheumatism, as a laxative, for gonorrhoea, for urinary tract infections, for diabetes... - Temet region - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Traces in the sand in the Temet region - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Dromedaries quench their thirst at a waterhole in the Temet region - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Instead of the traditional guerbas, modern water canisters are filled with the delicious liquid - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan follows the Oued Temet - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan follows the Oued Temet, which is lined with imposing sand dunes - In the background the mountain Ti-n-Galene - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The camp site for the night is soon reached - Temet region - Mount Tazoubit in the background - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The next morning, the caravan resumes its journey - Temet region - Mount Tazoubit in the background - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Soon the camp of Tezirzek is reached - In the background the Tamgak massif - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The camp at the well of Tezirzek is reached - Niger - Aïr - 2003

After arriving at Tezirzek camp, the woman's saddle has to be repaired - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Three Targias in the Tezirzek camp - An old tin barrel serves as a drum - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Two happy Targias in the Tezirzek camp - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Targia at the well of Tezirzek - Between the high plateau of the Ténéré and the Aïr Mountains, the well of Tezirkek attracts nomads and their animals. Unlike the men, the women do not wear headscarves. - Aïr - Niger - 2003

Women's smiles - The smiles of the women at the well of Tezirzek testify to their confidence in their freedom and the serenity that a hard but happy life brings. - Aïr - Niger - 2003

Women's smiles - The smiles of the women at the well of Tezirzek testify to their confidence in their freedom and the serenity that a hard but happy life gives. - Aïr - Niger - 2003

This Tuareg boy´s hair plaits are consecrated to Allah. In the camp of the Kel-Tédélé of Tezirzek - Aïr - Niger - 1992

A young Targi in the Abakaoua camp in Tezirzek - Niger - Aïr - 1992

Tuareg boy in the camp of the Kel-Iguéga of Tezirzek - Aïr - Niger - 1992

The brother of the clan chief Abakoua fetches a dromedary from the pasture - Niger - Aïr - 1992

Members of the Kel-Iguéga clan in the Tezirzek camp - Niger - Aïr - 1992

"Tent" of a family of the Kel-Iguéga clan in the Tezirzek camp - Niger - Aïr - 1992

The brother of Abakaoua, head of the Kel-Tedélé clan, with his son - Tezirzek well - Niger - Aïr - 1992

Portrait of a Targis in the Kel-Iguéga camp near Tezirzek - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Young Targia with her little brother in the Kel-Iguéga camp - The boy carries a lucky amulet containing a written verse from the Koran - Well of Tezirzek- Niger - Aïr - 199292

The goats are supplied with water - Well of Tezirzek- Niger - Aïr - 1992

And suddenly a scorpion crosses the path - Well of Tezirzek - Niger - Aïr - 1992

At the time of the horse (around 1000 BC), the aborigines liked to represent themselves in such a way that one could draw up an inventory of their various representations, which were often accompanied by one or more horses. - Well of Tezirzek- Niger - Aïr - 1992

Rock engraving from the horse epoch. Two figures (the one on the left is 0.70 metres high) are holding a creature together on a rope, which is indistinguishable but resembles a child! - Well of Tezirzek- Niger - Aïr - 1992

In the late afternoon, the Targis bring their dromedaries back from the pasture to the camp - Well of Tezirzek- Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan continues south towards Tchioulmas - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Cutting the drinn on the way, fodder for the dromedaries - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Camp in the dunes - Between Tezirzek and the Oued Tchioulmas - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Travelling in the dunes between Tezirzek and the Oued Tchioulmas - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan travelling through the dunes on the edge of Erg Izane - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan travelling through the dunes on the edge of Erg Izane, between Tezirzek and Oued Tchioulmas - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Boubakar has to make a new rope - Camp in Oued Tchioulmas - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Playing draughts in the camp in Oued Tchioulmas - Niger - Aïr - 2003

On the way home to the camp in the Oued Tiétak - Niger - Aïr - 1992

Nature in detail - Dunes near Tebet - Niger - Aïr - 1992

This dead tree still serves as firewood - Tebet region between Adrar Chiriet and Tamgak - Niger - Aïr - 1992

The question remains: where does this plant get the water it needs? - Tebet region between Adrar Chiriet and Tamgak - Niger - Aïr - 1992

The well of Tchou-m-Adegdeg - Tebet region between Adrar Chiriet and Tamgak - Niger - Aïr - 1992

At the well of Tchou-m-Adegdeg - A goatskin guerba is filled with water - Tebet region between Adrar Chiriet and Tamgak - Niger - Aïr - 1992

The Tamgak massif is close - Niger - Aïr - 2003

From the edge of the Erg Izane, we head towards the mountains of the Tamgak massif - Niger - Aïr - 2003

On the way through a dry valley leading to the Guelta Iffazane - Niger - Aïr - 2003

On the way through a dry valley leading to the Guelta Iffazane - In the far background the Adrar Chiriet, in the middle ground the area of Tebet - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The Guelta Eloukouloukan has water all year round - Niger - Aïr - 2003

At Guelta Iffazane, the water gushing out of the ground flows over several steps into a small lake. Fresh greenery can be found here all year round - Niger - Aïr - 2003

At Guelta Iffazane, the water gushing out of the ground flows over several steps into a small lake. Fresh greenery can be found here all year round - A guerba is filled with water - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Oued with the Tamgak Mountains in the background - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Dune in the Oued Aouï - Niger - Aïr - 2003

In the Oued Aouï – The Tamgak Mountains in the background on the left - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Warehouse in the Oued Aouï - Salt from Bilma is traded here - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Camp in the Oued Aouï - Tea is prepared in the morning - A taguella is being baked between the teapots - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Cérémonie du thé au camp de Tachaouit - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Preparation of food in the Tachaouit camp - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The dromedaries are freed from their burden - Tachaouit camp - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan sets off again early in the morning - Tachaouit - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Evening atmosphere in the camp of Chanounou - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Everything that needs to be kept safe from the goats is hung up in the appropriate place - Chanounou camp - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Sleeping place in the camp of Chanounou - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Still life in the camp of Chanounou - Niger - Aïr - 2003

A veil of respect - To follow the ancestral way of life, tradition and freedom merge in mutual respect. - Camp of Chanounou - Aïr - Niger - 2003

Wife of Chanounou, the chief of a traditional Tuareg tribe - Aïr - Niger - 2003

The Guelta Baloumat in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The dum palm (Hyphaene thebaica) is a multi-stemmed palm species with oval, edible fruits. In ancient Egypt, this palm was used for its fruit, fibres and leaves, but the date palm was not native to Egypt and only produced dates when it could be pollinated. - Guelta Baloumat in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The Guelta Baloumat in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The Oued Tamgak is reached. Dum palms line the guelta of Baloumat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan has reached the Oued Tamgak. Dum palms line the Guelta of Baloumat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

During the hottest part of the day, the men find a shady place to rest - Niger - Aïr - 2003

To pass the time, the pieces of the Daara game are moved, a kind of draughts game - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Shortly before spending the night in the camp at Guelta Baloumat - Niger - Aïr - 2003

In the evening, the camp is set up for the night at the Baloumat guelta - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The camel drivers sit around the fire under which the traditional taguella is cooked - Guelta Baloumat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The meat of a goat is cut into pieces and roasted on the fire - Guelta Baloumat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The cook prepares the food - On the right in front a guerba with water - Camp at Guelta Baloumat - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Tea ceremony in the camp of Chanounou - Niger - Aïr - 2003

A new rope is being made - The white stripes are made of plastic! - Camp at Guelta Baloumat - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Boubakar twists a new string from plastic strips - Guelta Baloumat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

‘Water is life’, the delicious liquid is bottled in the goatskin guerba - Guelta Baloumat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

A Targi with his takuba, the sword of the nobleman. As former warriors, the Tuareg are often homesick for their past. In their secret thoughts, they revive the memory of the former rezzous, raids against the caravans that brought slaves and gold up from the south. - Guelta Baloumat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

A Targi with his takuba, the sword of the nobles. As former warriors, the Tuareg are often homesick for their past. In their secret thoughts, they revive the memory of the former rezzous, raids against the caravans that brought slaves and gold up from the south. - Guelta Baloumat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

A guerba was filled with water from the Guelta Baloumat - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Camp on the edge of the Tamgak massif - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The Guelta Baloumat in the Tamgak Gorge - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The caravan on the way to the western exit of the gorge that crosses the Tamgak massif - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan on its way to the western exit of the gorge that cuts across the Tamgak massif - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan approaches the end of the gorge that runs through the Tamgak massif. - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Camp at the end of the gorge that runs right through the Tamgak massif. The tent made of mats is for visitors to the area. The camel saddles are parked in front of the tent - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The dromedaries are loaded again in the camp at the exit of the gorge - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The caravan leaves the Oued Tamgak. Behind the mountains on the right is the town of Iferouâne - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Last obstacles before the caravan arrives in the city of Iferouâne - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Travelling through a wide wadi in the late afternoon - Niger - Aïr - 2003

The obligatory taguella is prepared in the camp - Niger - Aïr - 2003

Back at the Zakkat camp near the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Traditional well at Zakkat - The water is lifted from the depths of the well in a sack with the help of a cow or a dromedary -- Niger - Aïr - 2003

Boubakar ag Mohamed, a proud Targi in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Armali ag Aglai, a proud Targi in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Abdelkrim ag Ahmed, a proud Targi in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Ahmed ag Chaoua, a proud Targi in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Bachar ag Ahmouda, a proud Targi in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Abakaoua ag Kanom, the clan chief of the Kel-Tédélé in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Sidi ag Atuwal, a proud Targi in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Irham, a proud Targi in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Ibrahim, a proud Targi in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Boubakar ag Mohamed - Guelta Baloumat - Aïr - Niger - 2003

A proud Targi - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2003

Ahmed ag Chaoua - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2003

Irham - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2003

Bachar ag Ahmouda - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2003

Abakaoua ag Kanom, the Kel-Tédélé clan chief - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2003

Abdelkrim, son of Ahmed ag Chaoua - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2003

Chemma - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2003

Ibrahim - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2003

The Kogo region is located on the edge of Erg Izane. It is known for its deposits of white marble - Kogo - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Still life in the sand in the Kogo region - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Loading the dromedaries at the camp in Oued Takarit - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Departure to the west - Kogo region - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Morning atmosphere at the edge of Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Departure in the morning sun - Camp Tebet - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Rest in the Tebet area, on the edge of Erg Izane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Leaving the dunes of Erg Izanes behind, the caravan approaches the foothills of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A last camp in the sand dunes before the caravan makes its way through the mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The path of the caravan leads into the Tamgak Mountains, which present themselves like an insurmountable wall - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The area changes from sand dunes to stony terrain - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Descent to Guelta Eloukan before heading into the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2000

On the edge of the Tamgak Mountains you can find rock engravings like this stylised woman - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Camp on the edge of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Camp on the edge of the Tamgak Mountains - A tagella, the bread of the Tuareg nomads, is baked in sand heated by fire - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Achmed ag Chaoua from the Kel-Tédélé tribe takes a well-earned rest - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The caravan begins its journey through the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The oued (valley) on the way to the Guelta Iffazane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Ascent to Guelta Iffazane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Where there is water, life germinates - The Iffazane waterhole offers a rare treasure: water that provides fresh greenery all year round. - Aïr - Niger - 2000

At Guelta Iffazane, the water gushing out of the ground flows over several steps into a small lake. Fresh greenery can be found here all year round - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Where there is water, life germinates - The Iffazane waterhole offers a rare treasure: water that provides fresh greenery all year round. - Aïr - Niger - 2000

At Guelta Iffazane, the water gushing out of the ground flows over several steps into a small lake. The dromedaries take up a lot of water, they will certainly need it - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Resting in the shade of a tree at the Guelta Iffazane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

A guerba filled with water hangs from a tree for condensation. This cools the water - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Resting in the shade of a tree at the Guelta Iffazane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Tea ritual at the Guelta of Iffazane - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Early morning in the camp at Guelta Iffazane - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Ascent to the pass from Tagardet - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The landscape at the pass of Tagardet - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Descent from the pass of Tagardet - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The caravan in the Oued of Tagardet - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The caravan in the Oued of Tagerdet - Aïr - Niger - 2000

In the Oued Tagardet - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The Adrar Tamgak is located in the north-east of the Aïr and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Aïr and Ténéré Nature Reserve. The mountain massif is divided into a northern and a southern section by a deep, arching gorge running in a west-east direction. - The caravan crosses the Teliaouet - Aïr - Niger - 2000 pass

Descent from the Teliaouet Pass - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The Adrar Tamgak is located in the north-east of the Aïr and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Aïr and Ténéré Nature Reserve. The mountain massif is divided into a northern and a southern section by a deep, arching gorge running in a west-east direction. The western entrance to the gorge is around five kilometres from the village of Iférouane. Its eastern exit leads into the sand dunes of the Ténéré desert to the south-west of the Chiriet massif. Underground water flows to the surface at the side gorges, creating large pools of water, especially in the western part. The dry valley running through the gorge is the Tamgak, with the Toufouchi and the Zakkat as important tributaries. - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Taguella is a flatbread, the staple food of the Tuareg living in the Sahara. It is a disc-shaped bread made from wheat flour, which is baked under hot sand and charcoal from a small fire. The bread is then broken into small pieces and eaten with a meat sauce. - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Portrait Touareg Arali - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Portrait Touareg Eikerim - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Portrait Touareg Chemma ag Gafid - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Portrait Touareg Hiram, the prayer leader of the camel drivers - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Portrait of Touareg Bachar ag Akhmadou - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Portrait of Touareg Abakaoua, chief of the Kel-Tédélé clan - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Boubakar - The chief of a Tuareg clan - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Eating millet and milk together - The hand replaces the fork - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

There is always enough time for a chat at mealtime - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Lunch is prepared at the camp - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The caravan moves on through the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Landscape in the gorge that runs through the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Ascent to the pass from Tagerdet - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan continues on the heights of the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A waterhole in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - The water supply needs to be replenished - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A waterhole in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2001

There were lions in the Tamgak Mountains until around 1920. This cairn is a lion trap in which a goat was tied to a stone slab that could close the trap. - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Curious rock formation at the Guelta An Rhon n'Ajad - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The guelta "An Rhone n'Ajad", where there is very good water - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Pre-Islamic tomb in the northern Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan moves through the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Detail of a rock in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

A tomb in the northern Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - The watershed between the Oued Tamgak and the Oued Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

On the heights in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan in the Oued Tai Rei Iben, a side valley of the Oued Zakkat - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Descent in the Oued Tai Rei Iben, a side valley of the Oued Zakkat - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the valley of the Gueltas in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the valley of the Gueltas in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains. The big tree is called Aborak by the Tuaregs - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the valley of the Gueltas in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the valley of the Gueltas in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains. The trail of the dromedaries in the evening light - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the valley of the Gueltas in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

An oued in the valley of the gueltas in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan follows an oued in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the valley of the Gueltas in the northern part of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2002

A Targi refreshes himself in the valley of the gueltas (waterholes). In the northern part of the Tamgak massif, also known as Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the valley of the gueltas (waterholes), in the northern part of the Tamgak massif, also known as Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

A dromedary drinking water in the valley of the gueltas (waterholes), in the northern part of the Tamgak massif, also called Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan passes a waterhole. In the valley of the gueltas (waterholes) in the northern part of the Tamgak massif, also known as Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The goatskin guerbas are filled with water. In the valley of the gueltas (waterholes), in the northern part of the Tamgak massif, also known as Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The Guelta Bilal in the valley of the Gueltas (water holes), in the northern part of the Tamgak massif, also called Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The Guelta Bilal in the valley of the Gueltas (waterholes), in the northern part of the Tamgak massif, also called Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The Guelta Mirroir in the valley of the Gueltas (waterholes), in the northern part of the Tamgak massif, also called Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

The caravan travelling in the valley of the Gueltas (waterholes), in the northern part of the Tamgak massif, also called Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the gorge between the two parts of the Tamgak Mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The Adrar Tamgak is located in the north-east of the Aïr and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Aïr and Ténéré Nature Reserve. The mountain massif is divided into a northern and a southern section by a deep, arching gorge running in a west-east direction. - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The Adrar Tamgak is located in the north-east of the Aïr and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Aïr and Ténéré Nature Reserve. The mountain massif is divided into a northern and a southern section by a deep, arching gorge running in a west-east direction. - A canister fell down during a difficult passage - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The Adrar Tamgak massif is divided into a northern and a southern section by a deep gorge running in an arc in a west-east direction. The caravan on its way through this gorge - Aïr - Niger - 2000

In a side valley in the south-western part of the Adrar Tamgak - The caravan on the way to Abri Ilem - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Abri Ilem - A shelter with rock art - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Balance - Landscape in the area of Abri Ilem - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Olive tree in Adrar Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The caravan in the gorge that crosses the Tamgak massif - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The clan chief Boubakar - He wears sandals like the Europeans - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The Guelta Settafan in the deep, arched gorge of the Adrar Tamgak running from west to east - Aïr - Niger - 2001

In Tamascheq, the language of the Tuareg, they say Aman Eres. Aman means water and Eres means hole. - In the northern part of the Adrar Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Boubakar, the head of the clan, also acts as a vet. A dromedary needs to be treated. - In the northern part of the Adrar Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Pre-Islamic burial site, about 600 years old. In the northern part of the Adrar Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Descent from a pass. The Oued Tamgak in the background. - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Descent from a pass in the direction of Oued Tamgak. - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A guelta in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountain ranges - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Camp at a guelta in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountain ranges - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Camp at a guelta in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountain ranges - Note that the bush serves as a pantry - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Guelta in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountain ranges - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Guelta in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountain ranges - Dum palms (Hyphaene thebaica) in the background - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Guelta in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountain ranges - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The evening tea ritual in the camp - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2000

In the evening at the camp, a taguella is baked - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The guerbas are filled with water at a guelta in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2000

The Guelta Baloumat in the gorge between the two Tamgak mountains - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Well in the gardens of Iferouâne. According to old custom, the water is drawn up in a leather bag and distributed into the irrigation channels - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Ibrahim in the gardens of Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Abakaoua, the chief of the Tel-Kédéle clan, takes a break - Tamgak - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Abakaoua, head of the Kel-Tédélé clan - in the gardens of Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 2000

A son of Abakaoua, the Kel-Tédélé clan chief - in the gardens of Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Ibrahim ag Arambi - in the gardens of Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Targia with child - in the gardens of Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 2000

A young Targia with her child in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2000

Young Targia preparing a meal - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2000

As with many other indigenous peoples, the Targia carries her infant on her back - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2000

About 40 kilometres from Agadez, we meet a salt caravan marching from Bilma to Agadez - Niger - Aïr - 1999

On the track from Agadez to Bilma we meet a caravan of around 1000 dromedaries travelling to Libya - Niger - Aïr - 1999

The rock engravings of Dabous are located on the western edge of the Aïr Mountains in Niger, around 110 km north of Agadez and just a few kilometres off the Trans-Saharan route. In 2000, the rock engravings of Dabous were included in the World Monuments Watch list of the 100 most endangered cultural monuments. - Niger - Aïr - 1999

The giraffes of Dabous are life-size rock engravings of two giraffes in the Sahara from the Neolithic period. They are located on the sloping top of a sandstone block about 15 metres high and cannot be seen from the ground. The larger, male giraffe is 5.8 metres high from horns to hooves and is one of the largest rock engravings of its kind in the world. The female giraffe, which also carries a rope from its nostrils, measures 3.02 metres from head to tail tip. It is estimated to be between 7,000 and 10,000 years old. The giraffes are characterized by their great attention to detail and the preservation of proportions. - Niger - Aïr - 1999

Landscape in the Agalal region, on the way to Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 1999

Returning from the well - The donkeys are tired, the water hoses are full, the sun is approaching its zenith: a common sight on the track between Iferouâne and Arlit. - Niger - Aïr - 2002

Two Targias lead their goats to a new feeding place in the Oued Timia - Niger - Aïr - 1992

The search for firewood has paid off - Oued Timia - Niger - Aïr - 1992

Timia is a rural community in Niger. It is located approximately 150 kilometres north-east of Agadez in the middle of the desert area of the Aïr Mountains. The village is centred around a guelta oasis and is known for being one of the few places in the area with fruit trees. It is home to a seasonal waterfall, a French colonial fort and the ruins of the historic Tuareg village of Assodé. - Camp of Tuareg nomads in the Oued Timia - Niger - Aïr - 1992

Young Targia with traditional jewellery - Oued Timia - Niger - Aïr - 1992

Hands of a nomad woman with traditional Tuareg jewellery on indigo fabric in the background - Oued Timia - Niger - Aïr - 1992

The Timia oasis lies on the eastern flank of the Adrar Egalah mountain (1874 m) at an altitude of almost 1000 m in the Kel-Ewey-Tuareg region and stretches along a dry riverbed that carries water in the summer months, provided it has rained in the upper reaches. The picture shows the Guelta Timia - Niger - Aïr - 1992

The Timia oasis lies on the eastern flank of the Adrar Egalah mountain (1874 m) at an altitude of almost 1000 m in the Kel-Ewey-Tuareg region and stretches along a dry riverbed that carries water in the summer months, provided it has rained in the upper reaches - Niger - Aïr - 1992

To the north of Timia, Mount Takabar rises from the plain, looking like a volcano but made of pure granite - Niger - Aïr - 1992

A nomadic mosque in the Oued Adjirigoudou - Ekadi Emoulène - Niger - Aïr - 1992

This fixed stone mill bears witness to an earlier civilisation - Oued Baouet - Niger - Aïr - 1992

A caravan in the Baghote region, on the edge of the Ténéré - Niger - Aïr - 1999

On the track to Iferouâne, Mount Aguao in the background - Niger - Aïr - 1999

On the track to Iferouâne, Mount Agalal in the background - The first Europeans entered this region around 1900 - Niger - Aïr - 1999A

The well of Tchintoulbus, en route to Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 1999

Pumpkin container that is usually filled with milk, yoghurt or cream cheese. - Niger - Aïr - 1999

At the fountain of Ounane Iterade, in the midst of lush vegetation - Niger - Aïr - 1999

Rock engraving at the well of Ounane Iterade - Niger - Aïr - 1999

The main town of Iferouâne is the primary oasis in the north-western part of the Aïr Mountains. It is the main administrative centre of the "Aïr and Ténéré Nature Reserve", the largest protected area in Africa at 77,000 km². The settlement is located in the Irhazar Valley (also: Ighazar Valley) and is characterised by mud houses, mat tents and gardens. - Traditional well in the gardens of Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 1992

Traditional well in the gardens of Iferouâne - The water is drawn from the depths in a goatskin bag (doulon) - Niger - Aïr - 1992

The main town of Iferouâne is the primary oasis in the north-western part of the Aïr Mountains. It is the main administrative centre of the "Aïr and Ténéré Nature Reserve", the largest protected area in Africa at 77,000 km². The settlement is located in the Irhazar Valley (also: Ighazar Valley) and is characterised by mud houses, mat tents and gardens. - Traditional well in the gardens of Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 1992

Traditional well in the gardens of Iferouâne - The water is drawn from the depths in a goatskin bag (doulon) - Niger - Aïr - 1992

A boy from the town of Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 1992

Portrait of a Targis in the gardens of Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 1992

Portrait of a Targis in the gardens of Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 1999

Boys from the town of Iferouâne with an improvised guitar - Niger - Aïr - 1999

In the evening, people meet for a chat to exchange news - Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Portrait of a Targis - Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Chemma has set up camp on the edge of the Tamgak Mountains - The goats are taken from the pasture in the evening - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Acacia raddiana (called Afagag in the Tuareg language) grows in dry areas and has many uses. The species is common in the driest areas along temporary watercourses on light, well-drained soils. Although the wood is not used industrially, it has many local uses, not least because of its importance for feeding animals and occasionally people (famines). In traditional medicine, Acacia raddiana is known to be a particularly effective wound-healing agent. The wood is a much sought-after fuel (firewood and charcoal) and a favorite material for handicrafts (mortars, bowls, etc.) - Camp Chemma - Niger - Aïr - Iberkom - 2001

Irrigation of onions in the gardens of Chemma in Iberkom - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Onion harvest in the gardens of Chemma in Iberkom - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Tatum, a young Targia, weaving ribbons that are further processed into mats - Iberkom - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Tatum prepares a meal for the road called Arichira. She needs dates, cheese and water - Iberkom - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Tatum, a young Targia, weaving ribbons that are further processed into mats - Iberkom - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Portrait of Tatum, a Targia in the camp of Chemma - Iberkom - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Portrait of a Targia in the camp of Chemma - Iberkom - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Toy truck made with a lot of imagination - Iberkom - Niger - Aïr - 2001

In the Chemma camp in Iberkom - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Selima preparing cheese from goat's milk - Chemma camp in Iberkom - Niger - Aïr - 2001

A Targia making cheese from goat's milk - Chemma camp in Iberkom - Niger - Aïr - 2001

On the way to Guelta Enghar. It lies in the gorge that cuts right through the Tamgak Mountains - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The caravan is on its way to the Toufouchi camp. On the way, they stop at a guelta to replenish their water reserves - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The Enghar guelta - undoubtedly the coldest water in the whole of Aïr! The sun never reaches the depths of this rocky gorge on the track leading to Toufouchi. - Niger - Aïr - 2001

This gnarled tree can be found by the wayside between the Guelta Enghar and the Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Tuareg women preparing a meal - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The fire must be rekindled - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Wood must be pushed close so that the fire does not go out - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Tuareg women preparing a meal - On the left, the goat's cheese is being dried - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Ibrahim's daughters fetch the precious water from the waterhole - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Ibrahim's daughter tastes the precious water from the waterhole - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Ibrahim's wife with her daughter Djamila - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

A goatskin baby carrier for little Djamila in the Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

This Targia is called Tima and is the daughter of Ibrahim - Toufouchi camp - Aïr - Niger - 2001

This Targia is called Tima and is the daughter of Ibrahim - She uses Khol, a powder, to apply make-up - Toufouchi camp - Aïr - Niger - 2001

School for life - In order to take part in life in the camp, the girl learns the necessary skills early on so that she can support her family. Here she is pounding millet in a mortar. The mortar is carved from aborak wood and also serves as a musical instrument when turned upside down and covered with a goatskin. The stick is made of acacia wood. - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Tima uses goat's milk to make cheese called Tukemarine - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Pantry - Food and cooking utensils are placed at height to protect them from animals. All containers come from nature, except the pot - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Everywhere on earth the wind helps to separate the wheat from the chaff - Targia Raisa with her children Fatima and Hamed -Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

School for life - In order to take part in life in the camp, the girl learns the necessary skills early on so that she can support her family. Here she is pounding millet in a mortar. The mortar is carved from aborak wood and also serves as a musical instrument when turned upside down and covered with a goatskin. - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Mohammed, a little Tuareg boy taking a siesta - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Tea ceremony in Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

This Targia is a daughter of Ibrahim - Toufouchi camp - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A Targia with child in the Toufouchi camp - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A Targia in the Toufouchi camp - Aïr - Niger - 2001

I wonder if the grandmother is looking after her grandchild here? - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

With the vessels in her hand, this young Targia looks round for a goat to be milked - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Return from the well - The guerba is filled with water - Toufouchi camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

On the descent from the Essalagh Pass, on the way back from Toufouchi - Niger - Aïr - 2001

In the evening, the dromedaries are taken from the pasture at the Boubakar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Nomad tents in Boubakar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Milking a goat must be practised - Boubakar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The chief’s toothbrush - Boubakar ag Mohamed does not smoke. He uses this piece of wood, taken from a very widespread bush in the Sahara called the «Abesgouin», to clean his teeth – which by no means detracts from the authority in his eyes! - Camp Boubakar - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Pounding millet in a mortar - In the background a sleeping place - Boubakar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

A Targia in the Boubakar camp - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A young Targi in the Boubakar camp - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A young Targia in the Boubakar camp - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The wealth of a Tuareg clan is reflected in the number of goats - Boubakar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Milking a goat must be practised - Boubakar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The wealth of a Tuareg clan is reflected in the number of goats - Boubakar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Preparations for making a taguella - Boubakar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Nomad tent with sleeping quarters in the Boubakar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Many animals gather around the well of Afis - Niger - Aïr - 2001

In the background the well of Afis with a large number of animals - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Shelter with rock paintings near the well of Afis - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Rock paintings in a shelter near the well of Afis - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Overview of the shelter with rock paintings near the well of Afis - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Landscape at the well of Afis - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The well Tanet Mellet (= small beautiful well) at the camp of Bachar - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Two proud Tuareg ride through the camp on their dromedaries - On the left the clan chief Bachar - Tanet Mellet - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The water is fetched from the depths in a leather sack - Tanet Mellet - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Bachar (left), the boss, sits on the edge of the well and chats with a member of his clan - Tanet Mellet - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The vital water is poured into the drinking trough for the animals - Tanet Mellet well - Bachar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

A guerba is filled with water - Tanet Mellet well - Bachar camp - Niger - Aïr - 2001

At the well Tanet Mellet - On the left the chief Bachar - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Targia with child in the Irham camp at the Tanet Mellet well - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The Targia Jennifer in the camp of Irham - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The young Targia Fatima in the camp of Irham - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The young Targi Achmed in the camp of Irham - Aïr - Niger - 2001

In the Irham camp near the Tanet Mellet well - Everything that must be out of reach of the goats is either hung up or stored on a rack - Niger - Aïr - 2001

A Tuareg nomad bed with Achmed, Fatma and Siliha. The frame is made of aborak wood, the mat is woven from palm leaves - Irham camp at the well of Tanet Mellet - Niger - Aïr - 2001

In the Irham camp near the Tanet Mellet well - This tent has a protective fence against the goats - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Jennifer processes an onion - In the Irham camp at the Tanet Mellet well - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Portrait Touareg Omar al Mahadj of the Kel-Takriza clan - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A dromedary mare is milked at Brahim's camp near Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The water is channelled to the plants - Ibrahim's camp near Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 2001

It sprouts in the gardens of Ibrahim near Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Targia with child in the gardens of Ibrahim near Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Ibrahim with his children in his camp near Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The little son of Ibrahim during his siesta - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Ibrahim of Toufouchi - In the camp near Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Ibrahim in the gardens near Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Targia in Ibrahim's camp in the gardens near Iferouâne - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The Targi Ibrahim in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Ibrahim's house near Iferouâne - Niger - Aïr - 2001

The well of Eghaghar or Erarar - Aïr - Niger - 2001

At the well of Eghaghar or Erarar - Aïr - Niger - 2001

About 5 kilometres from Iferouâne is the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers, which flow down from the Tamgak massif. The Tuaregs have set up camp here. - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

About 5 kilometres from Iferouâne is the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers, which flow down from the Tamgak massif. The Tuaregs have set up camp here. - Preparations for a march into the Tamgak massif - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Targia with children in the camp at the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - Aïr - Niger - 2001

In the camp at the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Targia with child in the camp at the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Landscape at the camp near the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Landscape at the camp near the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - The goat herd is led to pasture - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Landscape at the camp in the area of the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - The goat herd is led to pasture - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Traditional well at the camp near the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - The dromedary pulls the goatskin water container out of the well to irrigate the maize field - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Irrigation of the maize field at the camp near the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Traditional well at the camp near the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - The dromedary pulls the goatskin water container out of the well to irrigate the maize field - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Traditional well at the camp near the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Traditional well at the camp near the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - The dromedary pulls the goatskin water container out of the well to irrigate the maize field - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Traditional well at the camp near the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Traditional well at the camp near the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - Not only dromedaries are used to pull up the water container, but also zebus - Aïr - Niger - 2002

In the Zakkat camp at the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers. Two Targias prepare the ‘sieve’ made of wheat straw, which is used to drain the goat cheese Toukamarin - Aïr - Niger - 2001

In the Zakkat camp at the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers. A Targia shows her visitor how to drain Toukamarin goat's cheese - Aïr - Niger - 2001

In the Zakkat camp at the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers. The process of draining Toukamarin goat's cheese takes its course - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A great toy can be made from simple means - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Making a mat woven from palm leaves - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Selima washing her pots - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Appointment with the hairdresser - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The millet for the taguella is pounded in a mortar - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A Targia preparing tea - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

People like to combine the preparation of a meal with a chat - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

On the day of the ‘Méchoui’, a whole sheep is roasted over the fire in honour of the guests - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Two Targis return to the camp on their dromedaries - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The Achekwa, a camel bag, is made by the wife of the blacksmith, the Malem - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The achekwa, a camel bag, is made by the wife of the blacksmith, the malem - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Detail of an achekwa, a camel bag, made by the wife of the blacksmith, the malem - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Detail of an achekwa, a camel bag made by the wife of the blacksmith, the malem - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Departure atmosphere at the camp in the region of the confluence of the Tamgak and Zakkat rivers - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Sedentary Tuareg build a hut surrounded by cultivable land - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The dark-coloured tree is an acacia (called afagag in the Tuareg language), the light-coloured tree is a liana. Both often grow together in symbiosis - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The dark-coloured tree is an acacia (called afagag in the Tuareg language), the light-coloured tree is a liana. Both often grow together in a symbiosis - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Tuareg girl in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Young Targia in the Zakkat camp - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Selima, a Targia from Zakkat - Her husband is still a nomad, but Selima has settled down. In the oasis of Zakkat, she raises her two children and looks after a herd of goats. A Targia is a Tuareg woman, a Targi is a man. - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Yvonne, a Targia from Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Yvonne, a Targia from Zakkat, has just come from the hairdresser - Aïr - Niger - 2001

A little girl from Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Boubakar, a proud Targi in the Zakkat camp - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Boubakar, a proud Targi in the camp of Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2001

The Amenokal of Iferouane - Among the Tuareg, the Amenokal (plural Imenokalen) or Tamenokalt, if it is a woman (plural Timenokalin), is the head of a Tuareg confederation (Kel), who is elected from the few relatives of the deceased Amenokal and seems to be wise enough to bring the loose confederation closer together. He holds the ettebel (war drum), the symbol of his power. The term Amenokal can be translated as "emperor" in English. The best-known Amenokal of the Tuareg is undoubtedly Queen Tin Hinan, who was a famous Tamenokalt. She founded the Kel Ahaggar community in the Ahaggar – Aïr – Niger - 2001

The Amenokal of Iferouane - Among the Tuareg, the Amenokal (plural Imenokalen) or Tamenokalt, if it is a woman (plural Timenokalin), is the head of a Tuareg confederation (Kel), who is elected from the few relatives of the deceased Amenokal and seems to be wise enough to bring the loose confederation closer together. He holds the ettebel (war drum), the symbol of his power. The term Amenokal can be translated as "emperor" in English. The best-known Amenokal of the Tuareg is undoubtedly Queen Tin Hinan, who was a famous Tamenokalt. She founded the Kel Ahaggar community in the Ahaggar - Niger - Aïr - 2001

Where will the next ride take us? - Zakkat - Aïr - Niger - 2002

Ruins of an old village near Agalal - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Gathering near the ruins of an old village near Agalal - Aïr - Niger - 2001

On the way back to Agadez - Encounter with a group of Targis near Agalal - Niger - Aïr - 2001

On the way back to Agadez - Tuareg tent by the wayside - The tree on the right is a Tamat, it is female. The male tree is called Abrok - Aïr - Niger - 2001

Chapter 1: AÏR - Niger

The Aïr Mountains in Niger are characterised by a varied landscape. There are high mountains, deep gorges, extensive plateaus and rock formations. Some plant species that are relatively rare in the Sahara grow at higher altitudes. There are also rocks and cavities that harbour historical rock paintings and engravings, which are evidence of earlier human life and activities in the region. - In the picture: ‘The dead tree’, which is located in front of the large Arakao dunes on the eastern slope of the Aïr Mountains.

The Aïr Mountains are famous for their rock art, which dates back to 6000 BC to 1000 AD. It is mainly found on the eastern slope of the mountain range in the transition zone to the Ténéré desert. These are mainly rock engravings made with pointed stone and possibly with metal after 1200 BC. According to the oldest depictions, this was a pastoral area, as evidenced by numerous depictions of cattle and large mammals (in particular, a five-metre-high engraving of a giraffe discovered in Dabous in 1999 is world-famous). In the 3rd millennium BC, however, desertification became noticeable and the Tuareg migrated into this region from the north. The depictions now point to war scenes showing chariots, horses and battle scenes.

8 - Tassirés. Oued Tilemsane (Aïr). – Horse epoch. Animals with very schematic lines. The bovine is well rendered, however. There are likely more recent inscriptions in Tifinar. The ox is 0.90 m long.

9 - Tassirés. Oued Tilemsane (Aïr). – Horse epoch. Numerous horses, graffiti, Tifinars, and a large figure, possibly a woman. As is often the case, the eyes are not carved but are formed by using natural cavities. The height of the woman is 1.60 m. Also noteworthy is the contrast between the quality of the engraving of the horses and the notable clumsiness of the ostriches.

10 - Tassirés. Oued Tilemsane (Aïr). – Horse epoch. The central figure has a "ant-head" typical of this period when warriors dominated more than hunters. Note the costume and the appendages on the head, which may not be feathers. The height of the figure from the top of the antennae to the feet: 1.50 m.

11 - Tassirés. Oued Tilemsane (Aïr). – Horse epoch. This large figure also wears a robe, whose engraving highlights a sort of crenellation. Noteworthy are the two small hemispherical protrusions at the bottom, on the right and left. From feet to head: 1.60 m.

12 - Heraoui (Aïr). – Horse epoch. The riders on three well-identifiable horses are depicted as "body-men." The horse on the left measures 0.35 m from the croup to the muzzle.

13 - Heraoui (Aïr). – Horse epoch. Here, the riders appear as if standing on their horses, which is a mistake by the engraver. Additionally, the two men are pushing wild antelopes in front of them, such as oryx, addax, etc. Width of the rock support: 1.60 m.

14 - Oued Tagalalat (Aïr). – Horse epoch. Emaciated cow (?). Note the vertical line in the center of the abdomen, as well as the jugular appendage and the precise depiction of the animal. From the tip of the horn to the end of the legs: 0.30 m.

14 - Oued Tagalalat (Aïr). – (original photo) Horse epoch. Emaciated cow (?). Note the vertical line in the center of the abdomen, as well as the jugular appendage and the precise depiction of the animal. From the tip of the horn to the end of the legs: 0.30 m.

15 - Oued Tagalalat (Aïr). - Despite the weakness of the engraving style, this is indeed a document from the Horse Period. The warriors, shaped like a diabolo, are equipped with spears and shields. On the right, note the exceptional beast. A hoofed animal resembling a lion (?). The head, achieved by peripheral punching, shows the two eyes in a "flat" position (diocular technique). Length of the lion: 0.30 m.

16 - Agalala (Aïr). - Various periods, particularly Camel Period. This type of document is typical of the edges of paths that have been used for a long time. Height of the rock: 2 m.

17 - Agalala (Aïr). - Horse Period. Male cattle. Note the jugular appendages and the extended punching meant to represent the coat's colors. Height of the central figure, from hoof level to the middle of the back: 0.45 m.

18 - Oued Tafidet (Aïr). - A typical view of this region (landscape veiled by suspended sand in the air).

19 - Oued Tafidet (Aïr). - Giraffes from the so-called Pastoral Period. Compare with other schematic giraffes from the Horse Period found at Tagueït bas. Height of the left giraffe: 1 m.

20 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - Wall overloaded with graffiti. While the figures from the Horse Period are identifiable, the rest makes little sense. Note an axe at the top, in the center.

21 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - Pastoral Period? It is difficult to associate these giraffes with those from Oued Tafidet: their attribution to one style or another is difficult.

22 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - Pastoral Period. An elephant, with noticeable feet and a vertical line across the middle of its belly. Another antelopine. A schematic ostrich made with a single line. Height of the elephant: 0.40 m.

23 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - Horse Period. A figure without a weapon, carrying an indeterminate round object on the left arm. Decoration on the central part of the body. From the top of the feathers to the base of the feet: 1.10 m.

24 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - End of the Pastoral Period. Five highly stylized giraffes. From the head to the base of the legs of the largest giraffe: 0.95 m.

25 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - Pastoral period. In the Sahel, near domesticated cattle, giraffes are not rare. Their abundance should therefore not be surprising. Remember the crumbly nature of the rocks in the Air mountains. Height of the large giraffe: 0.65 m.

26 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - The stippling aims to render the coat of an antelopine to the edge of schematism. From the horns to the legs: 0.40 m.

27 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - Note the difference in style between the first three giraffes on the right and the two preceding them, and finally the one on the extreme left. The supporting block is 2.20 m wide. The rock is located at the top of a rockslide.

28 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - Stippled giraffe and ostriches on a rockslide. Height of the rock: 0.50 m.

29 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - Very schematic stippled engravings. The central figure does not clearly evoke equids. To its right, a figure with a bi-triangular garment and a head in an inverted U-shape. The central figure is 0.70 m tall.

30 - Tagueït bas (Aïr). - Figures with "ant head" (equids) set against a background of animals (domesticated?). Note the spears and round shields. The animals measure between 0.30 and 0.40 m in height.

31 - Tagueït moyen (Aïr). - Figures from the horse era. One might wonder what the multiple forms of the heads, oversized in relation to the body, correspond to. Then, note the individuals with a bi-triangular coat, those with a straight coat, and those whose legs are visible up to the thighs. The tallest measures 0.50 m.

32 - Tagueït moyen (Aïr). - Four very schematic and very recent ostriches. The tallest is 0.37 m high.

33 - Tagueït moyen (Aïr). - Current or sub-current giraffe. Note the right-angled tail, the straight spine, and the gender still emphasized. Height: 0.32 m.

34 - Tagueït moyen (Aïr). - Two male elephants in the same very decadent style as the previous giraffes and ostriches. They appear to be from the pre-Islamic period but should be dated to the end of the pastoral period.

35 - Tagueït haut (Aïr). - Giraffes, bovids, rhinoceroses, and ostriches intertwine and overlap in this fresco, where wild species seem to dominate.

36 - Tagueït medium (Aïr). – Note the difference in patina between the two giraffes on the left, which are themselves overlain by a newer giraffe with an appendage around the neck. The hind legs are too long, like those of the two giraffes on the right. Note the isolated rhinoceros at the top, as well as the chariot, which highlights the historical character of the work engraved in "flat". The chariot's platform is not visible; finally, a lion (?) catches the attention. Chariot length: 0.52 m.

37 - Tagueït high (Aïr). – Enlargement of the belly pattern of the central giraffe in the next image. Note the combined use of punctuating and line drawing. Width of the detail: 0.35 m.

38 - Tagueït high (Aïr). – This giraffe fresco, remarkable for the work of punctuating and line engraving it required, does not date from the same period as the two figures, one of which is an archer leading the herd, and which seem much later. The main animals measure between 0.60 m and 0.80 m. The rock itself is 2.40 m long.

Maximilien Bruggmann photographing the giraffe fresco in Tagueït.

39 - Tagueït high (Aïr). – Archer of the horse period and a young horse. Clumsy punctuating. The bow measures 0.50 m in length.

40 - Tagueït high (Aïr). – Punctuated elephant, very decadent. From the top of the skull to the hind leg: 0.27 m.

41 - Tagueït high (Aïr). – Small, very natural horse with an appendage hanging at the neck. The inside is fully punctuated. Although it is probably a mere coincidence, the horse is in the posture of an animal rising up. Height: 0.27 m.

42 - Tagueït high (Aïr). – Fresco depicting giraffes, an elephant, ostriches, and an ox. The important site of Tagueït does not offer any truly ancient engravings. The wildlife is still significant, but the arrival of foreign ethnic groups often makes it difficult to attribute them to a specific culture.

43 - Tanakom (Aïr). – Typical labyrinth showing the advanced peeling state of the rock in Aïr. The overhanging rock to the right, covering the slanted line in the foreground, is covered with beautiful engravings.

44 - Tanakom (Aïr). – Herd of bovines led by a shepherd. On the side, one animal is ridden, another followed by a shepherd. Work from the late pastoral period. The slab is 2.15 m long.

45 - Tanakom (Aïr). - From the same period: giraffes, ostrich, shepherd touching a bovine. The engravers were interested in all smooth surfaces.

46 - Tanakom (Aïr). - Still giraffes. Their number can be explained either by the engravers' interest or by their diversity. These are very well observed. Slab height: 0.45 m.

47 - Tanakom (Aïr). - Pastoral period. Various quadrupeds. The interest lies in the two figures in the center. The one on the left would fit well in a modern art museum and does not allow for any satisfactory explanation. The one on the right may be holding a bow.

48 - Tanakom (Aïr). - Decadent giraffes. The largest measures 0.85 m in height.

49 - Tanakom (Aïr). - Character with an "ant head" in a praying position. Small intentional character between the two larger ones. Equid period. Religious scene. The appendage between the legs may be the tail of the animal preserved on a leather tunic.

50 - Tanakom (Aïr). - Giraffes, graffiti. Width of the decorated surface: 1.20 m.

51 - Tanakom (Aïr). - Spotted elephant, strange schematic animals. Note the three stylized figures. Height of the elephant: 0.45 m.

52 - Anakom (Aïr). - Equid period. Very interesting human figures belonging to the same ensemble. The volume is exaggerated for the two large figures, holding a spear and the reins of a horse in the left hand, while holding an undefined object in the right hand. At neck height, perhaps ear pendants. The small figures seem to wear puffed trousers. The hair is well visible on the side, with the faces emphasized. The head is topped with a curious ornament. The costume is highly elaborate. A camel adds a counterpoint to the age of the ensemble. There are also Tifinars, a giraffe, ostriches. The large figure on the left is 1.60 m tall. The small figure on the right: 0.78 m.

53 - Anakom (Aïr). - Equid period. Very interesting human figures belonging to the same ensemble. The volume is exaggerated for the two large figures, holding a spear and the reins of a horse in the left hand, while holding an undefined object in the right hand. At neck height, perhaps ear pendants. The small figures seem to wear puffed trousers. The hair is well visible on the side, with the faces emphasized. The head is topped with a curious ornament. The costume is highly elaborate. A camel adds a counterpoint to the age of the ensemble. There are also Tifinars, a giraffe, ostriches. The large figure on the left is 1.60 m tall. The small figure on the right: 0.78 m.

An overview of the two previous photos.

54 - Large fresco from Anakom (Aïr). - A well-observed rider, oryx, antelopes, ostriches, Tifinars show the continuity of mankind since the arrival of the "equids". The animal with a diamond-shaped coat is 0.47 m long. The large antelope on the right is 0.52 m long.

55 - Anakom (Aïr). - The galloping oryx stand out from many graffiti. The small horse, near a man armed with a spear and shield, is also engraved by someone familiar with the equid world. At the bottom right, a man with a U-shaped head. Although of the same type as the previous one, the character on the left (0.75 m tall) has a "sun-shaped" head.

56 - Anakom (Aïr). - Figures whose main interest is to present a dress for women, a trouser suit (?) for men, all richly decorated. These equid-like figures are approximately 0.75 meters tall.

57 - Anakom (Aïr). - Figures whose main interest is to present a dress for women, a trouser suit (?) for men, all richly decorated. These equid-like figures are approximately 0.75 meters tall.

58 - Anakom (Aïr). - Figures whose main interest is to present a dress for women, a trouser suit (?) for men, all richly decorated. These equid-like figures are approximately 0.75 meters tall.

59 - Anakom (Aïr). - Figures whose main interest is to present a dress for women, a trouser suit (?) for men, all richly decorated. These equid-like figures are approximately 0.75 meters tall.

60 - Arakao (Aïr). - Interesting archer appearing to wear some kind of saroual. The fingers of the hand are clearly highlighted.

61 - Arakao (Aïr). - Equid period: gazelles, monkey (?) To the left of the second row of gazelles, horse, ostrich, giraffes, figures from the equid period. The support block measures 2.40 meters in height.

62 - Arakao (Aïr). - A large giraffe (from the tip of the tail to the snout: 0.61 m). The punctuated pattern, which usually indicates the color of the garment, is replaced by lines.

63 - Arakao (Aïr). - A cow (note the udders) in the same style. From the base of the tail to the tips of the horns: 0.94 meters in length.

64 - Arakao (Aïr). - Many Tifinar characters are added to the figures of the equid period. The exact date of Tifinar writing is unknown, but its structure appears to be very ancient. Height of the two figures: 1 meter.

65 - Tezirzek (Aïr). - Horse Period. Two figures (the one on the left is 0.70 m tall) hold together, at the end of a rope, an indistinguishable being that seems to resemble a child!

66 - Tezirzek (Aïr). - The horse-like figures were so fond of representing themselves that one could create an inventory of their various portrayals, often, in fact, accompanied by one or more horses.

67 - Tezirzek (Aïr). - The horse-like figures were so fond of representing themselves that one could create an inventory of their various portrayals, often, in fact, accompanied by one or more horses.

68 - Surroundings of Iferouane (Aïr). - Two graceful antelopes (?) adorn a smooth rock surface, which is very rare. The style recalls Black Africa. Height of the animals: 0.60 m.

68 - Surroundings of Iferouane (Aïr). - (original photo) Two graceful antelopes (?) adorn a smooth rock surface, which is very rare. The style recalls Black Africa. Height of the animals: 0.60 m.

69 - Temet (Aïr). - Very decadent engravings depicting two equid-like figures with strongly emphasized eyes. Bovids (?). From the snout of the one on the right to the tail of the one following: 1.05 m.

70 - Dabous (Western Aïr). - Animal fresco: giraffe, goats (?) etc. Note the deep lines of the engraving, despite the "equine" appearance of the giraffe, which measures 1.15 meters from the nostrils to the tail.

71 - Dabous (Western Aïr). - Antelope engraved in wide and deep lines. From the top of the horns to the front legs: 0.55 meters.

72 - Dabous (Western Aïr). - Antelope-like (?) from the head to the hind hooves: 0.80 m.

73 - Dabous (Western Aïr). - Rare and very beautiful giraffe head. The snout, horns, and ears are polished. The mane is highlighted. This giraffe is reproduced in its entirety in photo 74. Note the rope hanging from the snout...

74 - Dabous (Western Aïr). - Remarkable pair of giraffes with great anatomical precision that can be attributed to the beautiful naturalist era. The left giraffe, from the hind hoof to the head: 5.80 m, and the right one, also with a rope hanging from the nostrils, 3.02 m from the head to the tail's end.

81 - Drigana. Djado Region. - On a rock bordering a reg, once a prime area for elephant movement, this magnificent Neolithic fresco of 4 naturalistic elephants. The rock measures 4.25 m in width. In the same position, facing the Ténéré plateau, and 300 m from the first ones, three other elephants in the same style. Width of the supporting rock: 4.10 m. (82)

Photo Gallery

Chapter 1: AÏR - Niger