Herd of Guanacos - Patagonia - Cabo Dos Bahías - Prov. Chubut

Salt lake of Coipasa - Bolivia

Main square of Cajamarca - Peru

Magellan Street in Tierra del Fuego - Argentina

Cart at Chicligasta - Tucumán - Argentina

Gauchos cross with their cattle herd the Río Aluminé - Province of Neuquén - Argentina

Guaraní girl from Puerto Esperanza - Misiones - Argentina

The Paraná River on the border between Paraguay and Argentina

Huascarán, the highest mountain of Peru - Callejón de Huaylas

The giant fortress of Sacsahuamán – Cuzco

The imposing entrance to the Palace of Ollantaytambo.

Detail of the wall of the Palace of Ollantaytambo.

Detail of an uncu, precursor of the Indian Ponchos.

Two of the seven snakes of the Street Calle de las Siete Culebras - Cuzco

Panoramic view of the sacred city of Machu Picchu, seen from Huayna Picchu

The famous Baño de la Ñusta, the bath of the princess - Ollantaytambo

Golden idols of the Inca Period (Golden Museum, Lima)

Alpacas and lamas in front of the impressive wall of Saqsayhuamán - Cuzco.

The vast archaeological complex of Pisac, one of the imperial "capitals".

Three ulltis or conopas, carefully polished alpaca figures made of black basalt used as votive offerings to the pachamama.

The salt of Maras is still extracted like in the days of the Incas.

Ingapirca in Ecuador was one of the most beautiful monuments of the Inca empire and also the border town in the north.

Inca pottery, small pot of 17 cm in height, with the shape of a human head with stylized braids.

The mysterious Intihuatana of Machu Picchu.

The sacred city of Machu Picchu, seen from Huayna Picchu.

Upon a hilltop in the shadow of mount Huayna Picchu (in the background), the sacred city of Machu Picchu (“old mountain” in Quechua) was erected in the 15th century under ¬the Inca emperor Pachacutec. In 1983 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and in 2007 it was designated as one of the seven new wonders of the world by NewOpenWorld Foundation.

South American Indians - In the Chuquibambilla region, up in the highlands (Altiplano), an Aymara shepherdess is giving her little lamb the bottle, after having breastfed her own child, who is now on her back. - 1980

Peru - In the basin of the Ucayali (one of the major headstreams of the Amazon River), in the middle of the Peruvian jungle, a Shipibo Indian woman and her children cross the Yarinacocha lake near Pucallpa. - 1970

This Shipibo girl is using a large banana leaf as an umbrella to protect herself against the rain. - Ucayali, Peru

Gaucho festival - In Argentina, cowboys are called gauchos. They are a very proud people who guard their flocks in the immensity of the Pampas or at the foothills of the Andes. As they gather at parties, they wear their ceremonial outfit: a wide flat brim hat and a red poncho over a white shirt (Province of Salta, Northwest Argentina). - 1973

The Palitué Ranch - With his horse and his rebenque (a broad leather whip), the Argentine gaucho is similar to the North American cowboy. At the end of spring, he separates the calves from their mothers in order to brand, dehorn and castrate them. (Neuquén Province, Patagonia) - 1976

Guardamonte - The landscapes in Northwest Argentina are more mountainous and the vegetation is harsher than in the pampas. To deal with prickles and thorns, the gaucho equips his horse with a double layer of rigid, resistant leather called guardamonte, which gives him the appearance of a medieval warrior. (Campo Alegre, Province of Salta).

Ximena of Cajabamba - Ximena lives in Cajabamba, a village of 2300 inhabitants located in the fertile plains of Ecuador. She is wearing a traditional belt, hat and earrings, but the shawl and the sweater probably come from China. And so globalization expands across the planet (Cajabamba, Chimborazo Province, Ecuador). - 1973

Panpipes - Lucho is an Aymara Indian from the Peruvian Altiplano who plays the zampoña, a pan flute made of a double row of reed pipes. Easy to carry and essential to traditional Andean music, the zampoña has always accompanied the shepherds in the silence of their solitude. - 1969

This aymara girl, with the traditional hat, lives on the Bolivian Altiplano at 4000 m of altitude

The walls of “Cueva de las manos” (Cave of the Hands) in the province of Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Argentina) are covered with negative impressions of hands dated over 10,000 years back, though their significance has never been quite clarified. Maybe this cave of difficult access, located near Rio Pinturas, was a place of rites of passage and the hand impressions belonged to those who freely and solemnly swore to abide by the rules of the group.

Apart from his horse, the gaucho only possesses that which his belt can carry: an impressive, artfully engraved knife, some money and his own name, so people know who he is. - Estancia La Mimosa - Buenos Aires - Argentina

Gauchos use their horses only for riding and let oxen pull the large-wheeled wagons along the poor paths in the pampa (Villa Aberastain, province of San Juan, Argentina).

The gear gauchos use in the Argentinean pampa includes the typical hat, boleadoras or Tres Marias (small balls, fixed to the end of a long leather strip, thrown to hunt rheas), a lasso, a whip, a belt with the indispensable facón (a knife), a stirrup, spurs, and the traditional bombilla (a metal straw used to drink mate tea from a hollowed colocynth pumpkin).

Riding games in North and South America differ only slightly. In Argentina, contests are more strongly linked to everyday life and to Spanish riding games. In the jineteada, the rider attempts to tame a half-wild criollo horse armed with nothing but his rebenque, a whip ending in double leather straps that snap over the animal.

The life of the gauchos is one of hard work, but also one marked by a liking for fun and celebration. Unlike celebrations in the Patagonian pampa, in north-western Argentina women always take part. This has undoubtedly been inherited from times of the Independence War, in which women played an important role. In the picture, Arturo und Marion Fernández are to be seen drinking mate at their finca in Campo Alegre, province of Salta.

A perplexed Aymara girl stands on the edge of the Titicaca lake. Is she thinking maybe about the hardships of life that await her?

In the Patagonia, the Perito Moreno glacier front is 60 m high and 5 km long, towering over the Lago Argentino, into which from time to time mighty blocks of ice thunder down. This 30-km long glacier, with an area of 250 km2, is the only one in Argentina – and perhaps in the whole world – that has remained hardly untouched by the climate change.

If you have not seen the sky in Patagonia, you have not seen Argentina. The clouds, lit up by the sunlight and in constant change, are blown across the landscape by often strong winds. Countless windmills pump the scarce though essential water for men and cattle from the deep water table. - Estancia Las Toscas / Patagonia / Argentina

Every year, the largest carnival in South America – after Rio, of course – takes place in the city of Oruro, Bolivia. Life here is not easy, though, particularly after the closing of most mines. The simplest meal is a luxury, even if it costs just a few Bolivianos.

This 24-cm tall and 550-g heavy gold statuette was found in an Inca grave near Nevado Ausangate, 6336 meters high, in the region of Cuzco, Peru (Inka Museum, San Antonio de Abad National University, Cuzco).

The ruins of Machu Picchu – shot here from the top of mount Huayna Picchu – remained forgotten during four centuries before they were rediscovered in 1911 by American archaeologist and researcher Hiram Bingham, from Yale University.

A young Bolivian is doing his homework on the steps of the sanctuary of Tiahuanaco.- Bolivia

Dominga, an Aymara woman from the altiplano, cooking in the traditional fashion on a fire fuelled by dry lama dung, which she fans with a blowpipe. Her child accompanies her at all times (Chuquibambilla, Department of Puno, Peru).

Head of an indigenous community (Alcade) of Ollataytambo in the department of Cuzco. - 1969

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Vue générale des ruines incaïques de Machu Picchu (Cuzco). - 1969

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Les îles à guano de Chincha, au large de la ville de Pisco, servent de refuge à des milliers d'oiseaux. Cet engrais naturel est rune des principales richesses de la région. — 1969

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Sur les récifs de la côte sud du Pérou abondent les phoques qui vivent dans la plus totale liberté. (Islas Ballestas - Paracas - Pisco - 1969)

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Le littoral péruvien est un immense désert dominé par des collines de faible hauteur. Le vent qui monte de la mer favorise la formation de dunes. Entre Ica et Pisco — 1969

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Le désert côtier est traversé par des vallées fertiles qui descendent de la Cordillère des Andes. - À Tambo Colorado dans la vallée de la rivière Pisco. - 1969

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Au fond de chaque vallée côtière coule une rivière qui, grâce à l'irrigation artificielle des champs, rend possible l'agriculture. Mais tout autour s'étend le désert dans lequel ne croissent que des cactus. - Vallée de la rivière Jequetepeque, sur le chemin de Cajamarca. - 1969

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La Cordillère des Andes recèle quelques-uns des plus hauts sommets de la planète. Le Huascarán, qui se dresse dans la Cordillera Blanca, impose au paysage sa majestueuse silhouette ; il atteint l'altitude de 6768 mètres. - 1969

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Sur l'altiplano, balayé par un vent glacial et violent, l'agriculture n'est pas possible. Les indigènes se consacrent à l'élevage. D'immenses troupeaux d'alpacas paissent dans ces étendues sans limite où l'eau gèle même au milieu de la journée. - 1969

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Des indigènes de la Sierra centrale se rendent d'une vallée à une autre en conduisant leur troupeau de vaches. - Quebrada Querococha - Cordillera Blanca. - 1969

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L'église coloniale et le hameau de Tiobamba, dans le département du Cuzco. Au fond du Nevado Chicón, 5530m - 1969

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Les fleuves de la forêt suivent un cours capricieux qui change d'une année à une autre au gré des périodes de crue et de décrue. L'Ucayali rejoint ici le Marañon pour former l'Amazone. - 1969

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Une zone très humide, appelée ceja de montaña, sépare la Cordillère des Andes de la forêt tropicale (Selva). . - Entre Tingo María et Pucallpa. - 1969

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Sur le parcours des rivières de la forêt se trouvent des lagunes peu profondes entourées d'une-végétation luxuriante. On y aperçoit des huttes dans lesquelles vivent les Indiens. - Yanamono près Iquitos, Loreto. - 1969

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La civilisation Chavin, connue surtout par ses œuvres en pierre, appartient à l’époque formative du Pérou précolombien.

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L'un des abris sous roche de Pizacoma (département de Puno) est orné de peintures qui représentent une scène de chasse à la vigogne et qui auraient une antiquité d'environ 10’000 ans.

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La religion Chavin est marquée par un culte rendu en l'honneur du condor. Sa représentation, très schématisée, figure sur des dalles qui ornent le temple de la station éponyme de la Cordillère.

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Dans le temple souterrain de Chavin les archéologues ont découvert des dalles montrant la silhouette du puma, un dieu qui sera craint et vénéré pendant toute l'époque précolombienne.

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Entre les scènes peintes des abris sous roche de Pizacoma figurent des signes géométriques dont la signification exacte nous échappe.

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Céramique Chavin représentant une chauve-souris (collection W. Pelloni, Lima).

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Bas-relief en boue séchée (adobe) de la huaca Esmeralda, près de la ville de Trujillo.

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Le vase à étrier, créé par les artisans Chavin, fut employé jusqu'à l'arrivée des Espagnols en Amérique du Sud. Le récipient est orné d'une gravure qui représente un condor très schématisé (collection W. Pelloni, Lima).

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La civilisation Nazca, qui s'est développée au début de notre ère dans le sud du Pérou, a livré aux archéologues de très nombreuses poteries, d'une qualité exceptionnelle et couvertes de dessins polychromes (collection W. Pelloni, Lima).

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On doit aux potiers Mochica une multitude de vases portraits en terre cuite d'un réalisme saisissant (collection W. Pelloni, Lima).

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Les tisserands Paracas, qui vivaient sur la côte sud du Pérou il y a plus de 2000 ans, ont confectionné de remarquables étoffes couvertes de dessins symboliques (Museo antropológico, Lima).

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Les peuples précolombiens ont travaillé l'or qui avait pour eux une valeur symbolique. Ils en ont tiré des objets rituels parmi lesquels figurent des couteaux sacrificiels appelés tumi. Collection privée

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Parmi les dessins du désert de Nazca on distingue une immense araignée. La signification de ces images fantastiques a été l'objet de travaux contradictoires. Pour quelques archéologues, ce serait des signes en relation avec l’astronomie ; pour d'autres il s'agirait de véritables lieux de culte.

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Le désert de la côte sud montre de gigantesques dessins tracés dans le sable et attribués aux Nazca. L'un d'entre eux représente un condor de plusieurs dizaines de mètres de longueur. Ces figures ont été obtenues en enlevant la terre brune, riche en oxyde de fer, qui recouvre le fond sablonneux et jaunâtre, et en entassant cette dernière autour des zones ainsi dégagées.

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Sur le flanc de la colline de sable qui domine la baie de Paracas on remarque une étrange composition que les archéologues ont baptisée du nom de «candélabre».

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Le Cuzco, capitale de l'empire des Incas, était protégée par une énorme forteresse, appelé Sacsayhuamán, composée d'une triple muraille en dents de scie avec des angles rentrants et sortants. Chacun de ces murs mesure une hauteur de près de 10 mètres. - 1969

Indigenous people flock from all corners of the Andes Cordillera to take part in the Inti Raymi, the great festival in honour of the sun, in Cuzco on 24 June. This girl wears a moss dress and a kind of crown made of agave leaves and shells on her head. - 1969

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Pendant l'Inti Raymi les Indiens, déguisés et masqués, organisent de véritables concours de musique et de danse. - 1969

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Durant l'Inti Raymi on peut voir un Indien déguisé en empereur inca entouré de ses aides. La fête n'échappe pas à un certain romantisme qui n'est pas toujours de très bon goût. - 1969

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Dans le département du Cuzco se trouvent les ruines de villes que les Incas élevèrent entre le 12e et le 1 6e siècle. Celle de Pissac occupe une esplanade qui domine la vallée sacrée des Incas. Les blocs sont taillés dans du granit rose d'une exceptionnelle qualité.

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Les champs de cultures en terrasses sur les flancs escarpés de la Sierra ont permis une utilisation rationnelle de la terre. Ceux de Moray, dans le département du Cuzco, sont de forme circulaire et auraient été employés à la culture de la coca.

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L'architecture inca fait usage de gros et de petits blocs dans un assemblage d'une extraordinaire précision. Le système «polygonal» a servi à la construction de nombreux murs de défense. Nous en avons un exemple frappant à Limatambo (département du Cuzco).

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La Cordillère des Andes est semée de lieux de culte incas. Les bains de Tambo Machay, près du Cuzco, parlent en faveur de l'importance de l'eau dans la vie matérielle et spirituelle des indigènes.

Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror of the Inca Empire, also has his equestrian statue. It stands in Lima in the middle of a neighborhood that does not belong to the colonial era. In the picture, the statue stands on a corner of the Plaza de Armas. It was moved to the Parque de la Muralla in 2004. - Peru - Lima - 1969

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Sur la Plaza de Armas, qui est le centre névralgique de chaque ville péruvienne, se dresse la cathédrale. Celle de Cajamarca (Sierra nord) appartient à l'époque coloniale. - 1969

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Femmes de Cajamarca en train de laver leur linge dans la rivière des Baños del Inca. - 1969

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Le musée de la vice-royauté du Cuzco renferme de très belles collections d'art colonial. Sa porte d'entrée est surmontée d'un linteau où l'on aperçoit les portraits des quatre frères Pizarro.

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Trujillo, ville de la côte nord du Pérou, a été construite par les Espagnols. L'architecture coloniale, en certains endroits de la localité, témoigne d'une très grande simplicité.

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Crieur de journaux de la ville d'Arequipa jouant à la toupie. - 1969

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L'architecture coloniale d'Arequipa fait emploi d'une pierre blanchâtre très facile à travailler. Les monuments religieux sont couverts d'éléments décoratifs exécutés avec un talent remarquable.

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Les fêtes occupent une place importante dans la vie spirituelle des habitants de la Sierra. Les indigènes aiment à se rendre en dansant d'une communauté à une autre. - 1969

Lima is both a colonial city and a modern capital. Decades ago, the Plaza de San Martin (pictured) was the commercial center of the city. Most of the department stores, offices and travel agencies were located in this area. - Today, Lima is considered the political, economic, industrial, cultural, financial and commercial center of the country. Internationally, it is the fifth largest city in Latin America. - Peru - Lima - 1969

The population explosion in South America goes hand in hand with urban overcrowding: in Lima, thousands of people who cannot find housing live crowded together in makeshift neighbourhoods known as barriadas. - At the foot of Cerro San Cristóbal - Rimac neighbourhood - Peru - Lima - 1969

The capital of Peru is a city of contrasts. You can see all different types of people in the crowds flowing past. An Indian woman who has come down from the mountains offers tropical fruit for sale. - Peru - Lima - 1969

In the slums, everyone tries to improve their living conditions as best they can. - At the foot of Cerro San Cristóbal - Rimac neighbourhood - Peru - Lima - 1969

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Les Indiens de la Cordillère vouent un culte permanent à la Pacha Mama, qui est à la fois déesse de la terre et de la fécondité. Ce respect se traduit par des prières qu'ils adressent à celle dont dépend leur existence. - Puno - Hacienda San Juan de Chuquibambilla - 04h00 - 22 ° C en dessous de zéro. - 1969

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La fête du Corpus Cristi, apportée par les Espagnols revêt chaque année au Cuzco un faste particulier. Durant la cérémonie les statues de douze saints et saintes sont promenées autour de la Plaza de Armas. - 1969

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Les Indiens ont été convertis au christianisme. Leur foi est sincère et touchante. Ils se rendent à l'église portant de magnifiques cierges qu'ils ont eux-mêmes décorés. - 1969

Dressing up and wearing homemade woollen masks is always fun for the Indians. - Whitsun festival in Ollantaytambo, Cuzco department - 1969

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Chaque village de la Sierra, à l'exemple de la plus petite localité de la péninsule ibérique, a son patron ou sa patronne dont la fête est le prétexte de réjouissances qui durent plusieurs jours et auxquelles participent tous les membres de la communauté. - Procession de Pentecôte à Ollantaytambo, département de Cuzco. - 1969

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Des indigènes de la Sierra se rendent à cheval à rune des fêtes de leur communauté. - 1969

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Etalage au marché de Huanuco. Les petits sacs en toile contiennent des herbes aromatiques ou des plantes médicinales. - 1969

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Les femmes indiennes du département du Cuzco portent des chapeaux plats. On les distingue très facilement des métis qui, elles, sont coiffées d'un couvre-chef de couleur blanche, orné d'un ruban. Marché de Chincheros (département du Cuzco). - 1969

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Le camion demeure souvent le seul moyen de transport des habitants de la montagne. On y entasse passagers et marchandises dans un équilibre instable qui ne va pas sans offrir de sérieux dangers. - 1969

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Deux métisses d'Ayacucho attendent l'arrivée de l'autobus qui les ramènera à leur village. - 1969

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Sur les marchés de la Cordillère on peut acheter, pour quelques centavos seulement, un grand verre de chicha (bière) de maïs préparée par la marchande. - 1969

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Le pisco se conserve dans de grandes jarres en terre cuite qui portent également le nom de cette célèbre eau de vie nationale. - Hacienda Las Bárcenas, Ica. - 1969

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Courges gravées au feu en vente sur le marché de Huancayo (Sierra centrale). - 1969

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Les potiers indiens n'ont jamais connu l'usage du tour. Ils sont cependant capables de confectionner de très beaux objets utilitaires ou décoratifs que l'on peut acquérir sur l'un ou l'autre des marchés de la Cordillère. . - Quinua près de Ayacucho. - 1969

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La gravure au feu des courges séchées est l'une des formes les plus attachantes de l'artisanat péruvien. L'artiste emploie un tison qu'il appuie plus ou moins fort à la surface du fruit, ce qui lui permet d'obtenir des teintes allant du beige clair au noir le plus sombre. - Huancayo, Andes centrales - 1969

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Le lama joue un grand rôle dans la vie économique des populations de la Cordillère des Andes. Sa laine est utilisée à la confection d'étoffes. Avec ses os et ses tendons les indigènes fabriquent toute une gamme d'instruments d'utilisation courante. Sa viande, séchée, est consommée avec des pommes de terre et du maïs. C'est le charki déjà à la mode durant l'époque précolombienne. - Près de Taraco, province de Huancané, Puno - Région du lac Titicaca. - 1969

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Machu Picchu, la cité sanctuaire consacrée par les Incas au soleil, ne fut découverte qu'en 1911. Elle se situe dans la Cordillère des Andes, au nord du Cuzco, à une altitude de 3000 mètres.

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Andenes, terrasses de cultures incaïques de Pisac (département du Cuzco).

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Vallée du Río Apurimac dans laquelle vivaient des tribus hostiles aux Incas. Paysage caractéristique de la Sierra centrale.

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Les ruines de Machu Picchu sont dominées par une colline au sommet de laquelle se trouve un monument taillé dans un seul bloc de granit, appelé Intihuatana, c'est-à-dire la «pierre où l'on attache le soleil». Il s'agit sans doute d'un lieu de culte. - 1969

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Le cheval constitue souvent le seul moyen de transport des populations de la Sierra. - Femme indienne près d'Andahuaylas. - 1969

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Les cactées sont parmi les seules espèces végétales qui croissent dans les régions soumises à l'érosion de la Cordillère des Andes. - Vallée du Río Mantaro, à 70 km d'Ayacucho. - 1969

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La demeure des Indiens de la Cordillère des Andes est faite de briques en boue séchée, appelées adobes, recouvertes ou non de chaux. Elle est surmontée d'un toit de chaume. La maison se compose d'une seule pièce qui sert à la fois de cuisine, de chambre à coucher et de grenier où l'on garde les récoltes. - Près de la pierre de Sayhuite entre Abancay et Cuzco - 1969

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Terrasses d'assèchement d'eau salée à Maras (département du Cuzco). Ce procédé semble avoir déjà été utilisé par les Incas. - 1969

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Au centre du lac Titicaca se trouvent des îles flottantes artificielles sur lesquelles vivent des indigènes appelés Urus. Ce sont des métis qui parlent l'aymara et qui se consacrent surtout à la pêche. - 1969

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Depuis l'arrivée des Occidentaux sur sol américain, les Indiens ont appris à élever les chèvres et les moutons qu'ils font paître sur les grands pâturages de l'altiplano. - Près du lac Titicaca entre Taraco et Huancané. - 1969

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Le lac Titicaca est une véritable mer continentale. Les animaux domestiques n'hésitent pas à entrer dans l'eau pour se nourrir des plantes aquatiques qui sont très riches en protéines. - 1969

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Les Indiens qui vivent sur les rives du lac Titicaca utilisent un bateau en jonc, la balsa, qu'ils confectionnent eux-mêmes et qui leur permet de circuler aisément sur les eaux. - 1969

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La Sierra péruvienne est peuplée essentiellement d'indiens qui vivent en communauté et qui s'adonnent à l'agriculture. En certains endroits la fertilité de la terre est remarquable. - Récolte de céréales, Tiobamba, Cuzco, au fond du Nevado Chicón, 5530m - 1969

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Le marché aux bestiaux de Huancané, près du lac Titicaca, attire chaque dimanche des milliers de paysans de la montagne venus des quatre points cardinaux. - 1969

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L'emploi de machines est impossible dans la Cordillère des Andes, déjà à cause des difficultés du terrain. Tous les travaux agricoles se font à la main et sous le signe de la communauté. Récolte de pommes de terre à 4500 mètres d'altitude. - 1969

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La chaquitaclla ou bèche incaique est encore en usage de nos jours parmi les populations de l'altiplano. - Hacienda San Juan de Chuquibambilla, Puno. - 1969

When the head of a community in Cuzco goes somewhere, he is accompanied by the ‘pututeros’, young people who are given the task of blowing into large sea shells. - 1969

The Cuzco Indians wear clothes made of llama wool, which are famous for the richness and beauty of their colours. The patterns vary greatly from region to region of the department. - Indians from the province of Paruro, Cuzco. - 1969

With the arrival of the Spaniards, various musical instruments previously unknown on this continent were also introduced, including the harp, which the Indians have now learnt to build themselves and play in their own unique way. - Indians from the province of Paruro, Cuzco. - 1969

An Aymara Indian plays the zampoña or panpipe, which is made up of a certain number of reed pieces of different lengths. - Hacienda San Juan de Chuquibambilla, Puno - 1969

The quena is still the favourite instrument of the shepherds on the Altiplano. - Hacienda San Juan de Chuquibambilla, Puno - 1969

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Les indigènes ont adopté les instruments de musique apportés par les Espagnols tels que la harpe et le violon. - Festival de folklore Inti Raymi à Cuzco - Indiens de la province de Paruro - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Femme et enfants Shipibo en pirogue sur la lagune de Yarinacocha (département d’Ucayali). - 1969

A little Shipibo girl protects herself from the tropical rain with a banana leaf. - Paococha near Pucallpa, Ucayali department - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Au moyen de substances minérales de différentes couleurs, les femmes Shipibo tracent, à la surface d'étoffes en coton blanc, des dessins symboliques qui ressemblent beaucoup à ceux que l'on aperçoit sur les objets en terre cuite. - Paococha près Pucallpa (département d’Ucayali). - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
L'étoffe décorée est trempée dans l'eau de la rivière. Par une curieuse réaction chimique les dessins de couleur grise ou rougeâtre virent au noir le plus sombre. - Paococha près Pucallpa (département d’Ucayali). - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Les Shipibo suspendent leurs hamacs aux piliers de leurs cases. - San Francisco près Pucallpa (département d’Ucayali). - 1969

A Shipibo woman has taken refuge from the scorching tropical sun inside her hut and is working on an elaborate necklace made from beads and seeds. - San Francisco near Pucallpa, Ucayali department. - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Une potière Shipibo porte les dernières retouches à une énorme jarre en terre cuite couverte de dessins géométriques qu'elle vient de fabriquer. - Paococha près Pucallpa (département d’Ucayali). - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Pêcheur Shipibo des rives de l'Ucayali (principal affluent du fleuve Amazone) en train de réparer son filet. - Paococha près Pucallpa (département d’Ucayali). - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Les pêcheurs de Pucallpa font sécher les poissons connus sous le nom de bocachico sur les rives du rio Ucayali. - 1969

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A Iquitos où la chaleur est accablante on se désaltère surtout en consommant des fruits tropicaux. - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
L'Amazone vue depuis le quartier de Belén, à Iquitos. - 1969

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Guérisseur Yagua du village de Yanamono, près du rio Napo. - 1969

Arrows poisoned with curare are inserted into the blowpipes. This weapon is used to kill prey at a considerable distance from the hunter. Yanamono near the Rio Napo - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Le perroquet fournit aux indigènes des plumes multicolores qui, entrent dans la fabrication de couronnes et de bracelets que portent surtout les chefs de tribus.

The wife of a Yagua warrior wears a magnificent necklace made of long bast fibres and parrot feathers. Yanamono near the Rio Napo - 1969

The blowpipe is the Yagua's favourite weapon. They mainly use it to hunt birds and small mammals. Yanamono near the Rio Napo - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Les bananes de la forêt tropicale sont chargées sur des camions qui doivent ensuite franchir la Cordillère des Andes. Les fruits sont vendus dans la plupart des villes du pays. Río Aguaytía, Région Ucayali - 1969

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Les indigènes de l'Amazonie se servent de pirogues taillées dans un tronc d'arbre au feu et à la hache. Avec ces fragiles embarcations ils circulent sur le plus grand fleuve du continent et sur ses affluents. Laguna Paococha, Pucallpa, Ucayali - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Le port de la ville de Pucallpa au bord de la rivière de l'Ucayali est le siège d'un intense trafic fluvial. Les gens passent souvent une partie de leur existence sur des bateaux qui assurent des relations entre les différentes localités des bords de l'Amazone. - 1969

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L'aube se lève sur la lagune de Paucocha. Près Pucallpa, Ucayali - 1969

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Il n'est pas rare de voir des Indiens de la Cordillère travailler dans l'une ou l'autre des entreprises industrielles du pays. Les indigènes manifestent beaucoup d'intérêt pour tout ce qui a trait à la mécanique. - Nouveau port de Pisco - 1969

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C'est au Pérou que se situent quelques-unes des mines les plus élevées de la planète. Certains gisements des environs de Cerro de Pasco sont à 5000 mètres au-dessus du niveau de la mer. - 1969

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Dans la Sierra centrale l'industrie se développe de plus en plus grâce à la construction de barrages qui, à l'exemple de celui de Mantaro, favorisera l'utilisation rationnelle de la force hydraulique. – Barrage Tablachaca, Tayacaja, Huancavelica - 1969

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Fonte de cuivre à La Oraya (département de Junin). - 1969

A Cordillera Indian works in a petrol station in the capital. - 1969

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A la recherche du pétrole. Prospection au large des côtes du nord. Entre Talara et Negritos -1969

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Les gisements de pétrole de Talara, sur la côte nord, ont une production qui permet dans une large mesure de couvrir les besoins du pays. Entre Talara et Negritos -1969

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Ouverture d'un nouveau puits dans la province de Piura. Entre Talara et Negritos -1969

The city of Callao was founded in 1537 by Francisco Pizarro on Callao Bay and quickly became the most important harbour for Spanish trade on the Pacific. Even today, the port of Callao handles 75% of Peru's total imports and exports, making it one of the most important fishing and trading ports in South America. - Southern partial view of the harbour of Callao near Lima. - Peru - Lima - 1969

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Le littoral péruvien est d'une extrême richesse en poissons. La pêche se pratique au moyen de grands filets. - 1969

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La cuisine péruvienne compte de nombreuses spécialités. Sur les marchés indigènes on peut goûter à des plats typiques et appétissants où figurent des poissons et de la viande grillés accompagnés de pommes de terre. - Aguas Calientes - Cuzco - 1969

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Des bateaux, les bolicheres, se consacrent à la pêche aux anchois. Ces poissons, séchés, servent à la fabrication de farine donnée comme aliment aux animaux domestiques. Le Pérou est le premier producteur du monde de farine de poisson. Sa vente à l'étranger constitue une source considérable de revenus pour la nation tout entière. Port de Paita dans le département de Piura. - 1969

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Arequipa est la deuxième ville du Pérou. Elle est dominée par le volcan Misti (altitude 5822 mètres). - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
La route du littoral, la Panamericana, est souvent recouverte de sable ce qui entraîne de sérieuses perturbations dans les transports des passagers et des marchandises. Des équipes d'ouvriers sont chargées d'ôter le sable qui s'accumule sur l'asphalte. – Entre San Pedro de Lloc et Paiján - 1969

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Dans la lumière aveuglante des déserts du nord du Pérou. - Près de Chiclayo - Département de Lambayeque - 1969

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La panaméricaine, qui suit le littoral, traverse les déserts côtiers sur toute leur longueur. – Entre Talara et Piura - 1969

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L'autobus est l'unique moyen de transport entre les villes et les villages de la Cordillère des Andes. – Calca dans la vallée d'Urubamba - Cuzco - 1969

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Une route est en cours de construction qui mène de Yungay au lac Llanganuco dans le Parc National Huascarán dans la cordillère blanche. - 1969

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Rue principale de la ville de Huancayo (département de Junin), Andes centrales. - 1969

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La colonisation de la forêt est une tâche considérable. Il convient tout d'abord de déboiser le terrain et de lutter contre une nature exhubérante qui s'oppose à la pénétration de l'homme. Couper et brûler près Pucallpa - 1969

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Depuis quelques années on s'efforce de construire un réseau routier dans la forêt tropicale afin de permettre l'exploitation de cette immense surface du territoire national. Cette gigantesque besogne implique de lourds sacrifices financiers pour le gouvernement de la nation. - Dans la Cordillera Azul, entre Tingo María et Aguaytía - 1969

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Culture du coton à l'Hacienda Miraflores Près Humay dans la vallée côtière de Pisco (département d'Ica). - 1969

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L'agriculture de la côte est orientée vers la production massive du coton. - Hacienda Miraflores Près Humay dans la vallée côtière de Pisco (département d'Ica). - 1969

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Les habitants du littoral se consacrent à la culture de plantes industrielles. La canne à sucre constitue l'une des principales ressources agricoles de la côte péruvienne. La canne à sucre est également cultivée dans les régions basses et chaudes des vallées andines, comme ici sur les rives du Río Apurímac. - 1969

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Le cheval des hacendados de la région d'Ica, habitué à se déplacer dans le désert, avance lentement, la tête de profil. Il ne lève presque pas les pattes mais chasse plutôt ces dernières de côté. C'est ce qu'on appelle le paso peruano. - Hacienda San Ramón de Alfredo Elías Vargas - 1969

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Précédé des "chapelles" d'un culte ésotérique, dominant la mystérieuse cité des dieux précolombiens, "huitième merveille du monde", se détache l'Intihuatana, où, lors des solstices, le grand prêtre Willac Umu amarrait symboliquement avec une chaîne d'or, au gnomon pétrifié, le soleil-Père des Incas...

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El condor pasa... «Le condor passe», chanson folklorique péruvienne, que semble illustrer, au-dessus de l'océan Pacifique, le survol de l'oiseau sacré des Andes. Parfois, en effet, le cuntur vénéré par toutes les ethnies de l'ancien Pérou et «messager du Soleil» des Incas plane majestueusement sur les déserts infinis du littoral.

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A 100 kilomètres à vol d'oiseau du Pacifique et ici, à 5500 mètres d'altitude, au bord du rio Pasto Grande, l'altiplano - le haut plateau - est néanmoins la région la plus peuplée aussi bien d'Indiens Aymaras que de troupeaux de lamas et d'alpacas. L'immense steppe glacée aux couleurs de vieil or patiné s'étend jusqu'au pied des glaciers bleuis, qui atteignent ou dépassent 6000 mètres.

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Sinueux et torrentueux, le rio Apurimac - le «Seigneur qui parle» - s'étrangle en grondant dans un étroit canyon avant de se joindre à mille affluents qui, tous ensemble, formeront beaucoup plus loin l'abondant Amazone.

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
A 3.500 mètres d'altitude, la cyclopéenne forteresse de Sacsahuaman domine le Cuzco. Avec ses trois remparts mégalithiques en dents de scie, ce «Maginot» inca «fait honte des pyramides au Nil et comme Atlante, au ciel, arrime l'homme» (Tirso de Molina, 1583-1648). Sertis comme des gemmes précieuses par on ne sait quels fantastiques joailliers, certains blocs de ce puzzle géant, hauts de 9 mètres sur 4 d'épaisseur, pèsent plus de 350 tonnes!

Wearing a woollen chullo under his typical cuzqueño hat and dressed in a wonderful poncho, this young Indian from the sacred valley holds the vara de mando, a silver-plated staff as a sign of his official dignity. He is the alcalde of an ayllu, an agrarian community handed down from the Inca era, in which the Quechuas still live today as they did in times gone by.

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
On ne peut qu'admirer, dans la Vallée sacrée, l'imposante entrée d'un palais d'0llantaytambo. Sans doute les tenons qui ressortent de cet incroyable «jeu de cubes» ont-ils servi à soulever et à mettre en place d'énormes monolithes aux angles parfaitement jointurés.

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Peintures rupestres de Mazo Cruz, à 4500 mètres (département de Puno, Pérou). Quel Champollion déchiffrera les fresques pariétales des cavernes sacrées de Kelkatani, la «pierre écrite» entre 7000 et 10.000 ans? Ces danses cynégétiques de chorégraphes archaïques, auréolés de plumes, furent peintes à l'ocre rouge sur un kran granitique large de 26 mètres et haut de 6, par le chaman d'une mystérieuse civilisation d'altitude.

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Sorte de «Jérusalem» des Andes, le célèbre site archéologique de Chavin de Huantar s'élève à 3 200 mètres dans la Cordillera Blanca. D'insolites stèles gravées y ont été mises au jour. Celle-ci est ornée d'un grand prêtre-dieu d'un culte magico-religieux qui influença tout l'ancien Pérou environ deux mille ans av. J.C. Portant un sceptre, coiffés et ceinturés de serpents, les étranges personnages de Chavin sont souvent ailés. Crocs et griffes de félins ou serres de rapace sont caractéristiques du style. (Hauteur de la stèle, 78 centimètres; largeur, 70 centimètres.)

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Paracas-Necrópolis aux premiers siècles de notre ère. L'incomparable art textile des tisseuses-brodeuses des déserts du Sud-Pérou illustre à profusion le culte obsédant des têtes-trophées et réduites, portées en plastron, en franges et en pendeloques. (Museo nacional de Antropologia y Arqueologia, Lima, Pérou.)

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Taillée à vif dans le roc sur un kilomètre de long, la «grecque» du canal pré-inca de Cumbe Mayo fut conçue de façon à réduire la vitesse du courant. Tunnels, pictographies symboliques, sièges et tables à sacrifices accompagnent le trajet de cet ingénieux ouvrage hydraulique qui a la particularité de dévier, à 3.700 mètres d'altitude, les eaux du versant Pacifique vers la sierra de Cajamarca.

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Les tombeaux pillés des Nazcas (IIIe - VIIIe siècle) du Pérou méridional ont livré des milliers de huacas polychromes, figuratifs ou abstraits, qui forment une véritable «encyclopédie par l'image». Par la finesse de la pâte, la perfection des formes et la stylisation poussée du dessin, la céramique nazca relève d'un art inimitable qui rend hommage aux défunts et aux dieux. (Collection privée, Lima, Pérou.)

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Exhumés des sables du Pérou septentrional, plus de 100.000 huacas à anse-étrier décrivent de façon réaliste et vivante la vie quotidienne des Mochicas d'il y a deux mille ans. Comme en témoigne ce guerrier agenouillé, coiffé d'un casque matelassé de coton et décoré de spirales, avec de gros rouleaux d'or aux oreilles et un bouclier au bras. (Collection privée, Lima, Pérou.)

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Succédant aux Mochicas, l'opulent royaume des Chimus connut il y a une dizaine de siècles des fastes éblouissants. De merveilleux joyaux, tel ce masque d'or funéraire (22 carats), aux yeux percés de 14 pendeloques d'émeraudes, furent retrouvés dans les ruines des pyramides colossales en briques de pisé. (Museo de Oro del Perù, Miguel Mujica Gallo, Lima.)

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"Sphynx" solaire du haut-plateau bolivien, le légendaire dieu créateur Kon Tiki Viracocha, au masque de Puma auréolé, garde les secrets d'un monde disparu du haut de la fameuse Porte du Soleil de Tiahuanaco. Haute de près de 3 mètres et large de 4 mètres, elle est découpée dans un seul bloc d'andésite, qui pèse plus de 10 tonnes!

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Lors de son apogée (VIIIe - XIIe siècles), la haute culture de Tiahuanaco déferla tout au long de la côte péruvienne. L'iconographie de ce tissu dit tiahuanacoïde (115 x 58 centimètres) en laine et coton, trouvé sur le site de Campanario (Huarmey) et la frange au signe scalaire, rappellent les étranges petits hommes allis au nez en bec de condor, du linteau de la Porte du Soleil. (Museo Yoshitaro Amano, Lima, Pérou.)

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Précieuse parure de momie d'un tombeau antique de Larache, au nord du Chili, datée d'environ 1.000 av. J.-C. par le Père Le Paige. Deux colliers, l'un en rondelles de turquoises, l'autre en petits tubes de lapis-lazuli, entourent une plaque pectorale en or, une grosse turquoise et quatre clochettes d'or, entre deux «plumes» d'or ajourées. (Museo de San Pedro de Atacama, Chili.)

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C'est par la gueule ouverte sur des crocs aigus que s'échappe la fumée des offrandes (résine ou suif de lama brûlés) de cette lampe à encens en céramique, en forme de puma (Tiahuanaco, 667 ap.J.C.). (Haute 20 cm - Museo del Instituto nacional de Arqueologia, La Paz, Bolivie.)

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En forme de fausse cloche, ce très beau kero à libations en céramique nous dévoile le faciès autoritaire d'un Pakaje de la noble caste solaire des hommes-condor de Tiahuanaco. Hauteur: 16 centimètres. (Museo del Instituto Nacional de Arqueología, La Paz, Bolivie.)

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Kero de la 4e époque de Tiahuanaco (667-1000 apr. J.-C.), est frappé d'un mascaron de ofrenda, masque de tête ornemental d'offrande en relief. H: 13,5cm. (Museo del Instituto Nacional de Archeologia, La Paz, Bolivie)

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Vu du templete semi-souterrain de Tiahuanaco, l'escalier monumental aux six marches lithiques et la grande portada d'entrée du Kalasasaya restaurée. On aperçoit au centre la stèle «Ponce» du sanctuaire du Soleil.

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Le monolithe Ponce, l'un des dieux pétrifiés «géants» et «pleureurs» de la «Mecque» bolivienne, mesure 3 mètres de hauteur. Il est entièrement gravé de glyphes géométriques indéchiffrables. Trois larmes carrées ruissellent de ses yeux d'où tombe, sur le côté, une «aile» à tête stylisée de poisson. Des anneaux entourent ses chevilles.

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Très fréquentes sur les cimes de l'altiplano du Collao qui cerne le lac Titicaca, de bizarres chulipas monolithiques logeaient les chefs de haut rang momifiés, d'une mystérieuse race «d'avant que le soleil apparaisse». Haute de 12 mètres, la tour funéraire tronquée de Cutimbo, près de Puno, s'élargit d'une corniche supérieure. Elle est sculptée de pumas en relief à la base.

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Puma Puncu, l'un des plus vastes ensembles archéologiques de Tiahuanaco, n'est plus que ruines disloquées et chaotiques. Quel culte ésotérique réunissait des milliers de pèlerins dans l'immense enceinte quadrangulaire? Des clés de bronze fondu dans des mortaises assemblaient les énormes dalles qui gisent pêle-mêle, longues de 8 mètres, larges de 5 mètres, épaisses de 2 mètres.

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Derrière la table des sanglants holocaustes, béant sur le fascinant paradis des cimes andines tapissées d'une forêt exubérante, l'admirable muraille du Temple aux Trois fenêtres de Machu Picchu se dresse sur la place du quartier sacré de la célèbre «Cité perdue» des Incas.

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Dans le feu d'artifice des vagues, Inti, le Soleil-Père des Incas, se couche sur le Pacifique...

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A près de 4.000 mètres d'altitude, Koati, l'île de la Lune, profile ses vestiges inca sur le Titicaca, le grand lac le plus «haut» du monde, que couronnent, au fond, les glaciers immaculés de la Cordillera Real de Bolivie.

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L'une des curieuses portes à grecque scalaire de Iñak Huyo, temple et palais des Vierges de l'île de la Lune. 2000 servants et servantes de Quilla, la Lune-Mère, prenaient soin de ce sanctuaire lambrissé d'argent et en cultivaient les terrasses étagées. Les vestales inca y filaient la précieuse laine de vigogne, entretissée de plumes de colibri et filetée d'or.

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Idole de pierre de l'île du Soleil (lac Titicaca). Hauteur: 45 centimètres. Ce bossu de l'époque Tiahuanaco (1000-1100 ap.J.-C.) tient un pututo, gros coquillage de mer (Strombus galeatus), utilisé comme trompette par tous les aborigènes des Amériques jusqu'aux Incas et encore de nos jours. (Museo del Instituto nacional de Arqueologia, La Paz, Bolivie.)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Au coeur du lac Titicaca, dans l'île du Soleil, subsistent les ruines du palais de Manco Capac, l'«Adam» inca, mandé par l'astre-Père, selon la tradition, pour endoctriner les peuples redevenus barbares après un certain «déluge» andin.

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Tadeo Escalante (1807-1832), de l'école de peinture du Cuzco, est l'auteur des fresques murales d'Acomayo, récemment découvertes. Ce peintre métis, mais descendant de l'Inca Atahuallpa, décora l'intérieur de sa maison natale, dite Molino de los Incas, des quatorze portraits des dynastes impériaux. Ici, ceux de Mayta Capac, Capac Yupanqui et Inca Roca.

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Tadeo Escalante (1807-1832), de l'école de peinture du Cuzco, peignit aussi la Ñusta Mama Huaco filant la laine auprès d'une vigogne et suivie d'un jorobado, bouffon nain et bossu la cour impériale de Cuzco, qui l'abrite sous un parasol de plumes chatoyantes. Fresques murales d'Acomayo, Cuzco.

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A une vingtaine de kilomètres du Cuzco s'entrouvre la verte vallée de l'Urubamba, jadis «rio du Soleil». Et la piste secrète de Manco Inca vers un toujours introuvable et dernier refuge...

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Quoi de plus pittoresque qu'une balsa de totora flottant sur le Titicaca? Depuis des millénaires, les Aymaras de la «Méditerranée» andine et céleste naviguent et pêchent à bord de ces gracieuses gondoles en roseau du lac sacré, qu'ils façonnent entièrement «à la main» et ficellent avec des cordelettes en paille d'ichu.

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Tandis que le ciel tropical et le Pacifique se fondent au lointain, l'arrière-pays de Nazca n'est, dans le Sud-Pérou, qu'un long désert çà et là hanté de fantomatiques cactus-cierges.

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Sur le fond de décor de l'«Enfer vert» amazonien, le petit matin se lève au-dessus de la paisible lagune de Paococha, dont les eaux bercent les pirogues des Indiens Shipibos.

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«Diadème» des Andes centrales, le gigantesque nevado du Huascaran (6768m) - sommet culminant du Pérou et le second d'Amérique -, éclaire de ses neiges éternelles la Cordillera Blanca, longue de 180 kilomètres et qualifiée de «Suisse» péruvienne.

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L'Ingachungana, siège impérial de l'Inca à Ingapirca, en Equateur, est sculpté en triangle à flanc d'abîme, à même la roche. Mais il s'agirait, littéralement traduit, du «jeu de hasard» de l'Inca. En forme de «canapé», le dossier en est bizarrement creusé d'une «chaine» de losanges profonds de 8 centimètres, où aurait couru et rebondi une boule de pierre.

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Sans doute construit vers 1490 par Huayna Capac dans la province équatorienne de Hatun Cafiar, Ingapirca fut l'un des plus beaux monuments du nord de l'Empire du Tahuantinsuyo. A la fois palais fortifié, tambo royal et temple du Soleil, il surprend par son inhabituel plan ovale et ses rangées de pierres bombées au reflet vert (longueur: 37,10m; largeur 12,30).

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Sous un théâtral ciel d'orage, le Qhapac-Ñan, chemin royal de l'Inca, mène aujourd'hui les touristes intrépides entre 3500 et plus de 4000 mètres d'altitude, de l'entrée de la Vallée sacrée jusqu'aux portes, jadis interdites aux profanes, de Machu Picchu.

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Sur les sentiers acrobatiques des Andes, le trafic n'est plus uniquement assuré aujourd'hui par le lama, seule bête de charge des âges précolombiens mais aussi par de longues caravanes d'ânes courageux. - Perú - Ancash - Callejón de Huaylas

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Parcourue en 1830 par le voyageur français Alcides d'Orbigny, la stupéfiante chaussée pré-inca de Takezi, en Bolivie, pavée de pierres plates, s'étend quasi en ligne droite "par de larges paliers successifs pour vaincre la pente", sur au moins 65 km.

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A Limatambo, à 60 kilomètres du Cuzco, les magnifiques murailles polygonales de Tarahuasi aux niches trapézoïdales soutiennent une ample terrasse nivelée sur 243 mètres de longueur et 6 mètres de haut, d'où l'on domine l'étroite vallée.

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Fendu de-ci de-là de caniveaux pour l'écoulement des eaux de pluie, ce chemin empierré par les Incas descend vers Copacabana, au bord du lac Titicaca. Chaque année, le 6 août, des milliers de pèlerins aborigènes l'empruntent pour aller implorer la Mamacha, vierge indienne miraculeuse.

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«Nombril» sacré de l'Empire du Tahuantinsuyo, aujourd'hui capitale archéologique de l'Amérique du Sud, Cuzco est une triple ville inca, coloniale et républicaine, millénaire et mystérieuse. Face à la Plaza de Armas, l'ancienne Huacaypata cérémonielle, s'élève l'église baroque de la Compania de Jésus, là où se dressait l'Amaru Cancha de Huayna Capac.

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La formidable abside de Santo Domingo n'est autre que le temple semi-circulaire du Coricancha, le fabuleux Sanctuaire du Soleil et de l'Or du Cuzco. A l'arrivée des conquistadors, le 15 novembre 1533, tout ce panthéon scintillait de plaques d'or!

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Six pumas en haut relief ornent la façade d'un original palais aujourd'hui dit «Casa de los Pumas» (Casa Velarde) de la calle Santa Teresa.

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Dans les étroites ruelles de la «Rome» inca, entre les résidences monolithiques décapitées qui supportent un étage «à l'espagnole», cheminent les Indiennes cuzquenas, aux costumes typiques.

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La mélodie pleurnicharde des quenas (flûtes de bambou des Andes) s'est métissée, depuis la Conquête hispanique, de harpes rustiques et d'instruments à corde dont les Indiens en poncho tirent une musiquette lancinante. La veille du festival solaire Inti Raymi sur la place principale de Cuzco.

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Sur les hauteurs escarpées de Cusilluchayoc qui dominent Cuzco, ces gradins échelonnés suggèrent davantage des sièges où reprendre souffle que de simples escaliers.

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De nos jours comme aux siècles passés, les lamas chargés de besaces joliment rayées qui ne doivent pas peser plus de 25 kilos se reposent dans l'ombre gigantesque des remparts de Sacsayhuamán.

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L'énorme rocher de l'adoratoire de Kenko, à 3 kilomètres du Cuzco, est ciselé à profusion de rigoles, de pitons, de marches, d'autels, d'animaux symboliques. Au centre du grandiose amphithéâtre creusé de dix-neuf niches-sièges en éventail se dressait un totem lithique en forme de puma assis.

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A 3.700 mètres d'altitude s'étagent les quatre terrasses de Tampu Machay, «Balneario del Inca». Des loges en trapèze ornent le plus élégant «temple de l'Eau» consacré aux ablutions lustrales du dynaste et de la Coya son épouse lors de leur union rituelle.

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Unies à la verticale, ces six dalles plates et rectangulaires en porphyre rose, hautes d'environ 4 mètres, forment le monumental «Miroir du Soleil» d'0llantaytambo, au faîte du palais du Sinchi 0llanta, chef des Tampus de la Vallée sacrée qui osa s'opposer à Pachacutec par ses amours interdites avec Cusi Coylor, la princesse «Étoile Joyeuse».

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En dehors des sentiers touristiques de Machu Picchu, Maximilien Bruggmann - l'auteur des photographies de cet ouvrage -, a découvert cette roche aux fentes rectangulaires alignées, jamais «publiées», et qui illustre enfin la technique secrète des Incas pour découper de gigantesques monolithes!

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Dans le doux «Eden » de la Vallée tropicale sacrée des Incas s'étend à 3.100 mètres d'altitude le vaste complexe archéologique de Pisac, l'une des «capitales» impériales. Une trentaine de résidences au style raffiné entourent l'Intihuatana elliptique, voué au culte astral.

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0llantaytambo est l'un des rares et derniers bourgs authentiquement inca où les Quechuas vivent encore dans les palais ancestraux. Tel cet Indien qui coud sur le seuil d'une double portada en trapèze à l'inca.

This wrinkled old man from Tarucani with his woollen chullo is chewing coca leaves to banish hunger and fatigue. I wonder if he remembers that ‘the divine leaf’ was once reserved only for the emperor, the nobles, the mummies and the gods?

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Auprès des terres ingrates cultivées au sud du lac Titicaca, de calmes hameaux indiens interrompent la monotonie de l'immense altiplano, «toit» des Andes et «pays de chimère».

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La neige, en Amérique du Sud, surprend toujours! Mais à 4.000 mètres d'altitude ce troupeau de lamas au repos dans le corral, s'en accommode durant l'hiver austral.

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Au pied de la Cordillère, la riche vallée de Pisco, bien que située en bordure des déserts côtiers, nourrit des troupeaux de vaches, et les champs de maïs y prospèrent.

This India from San Juan de Chuquibambilla smiles from under her montera, the headdress with the pleated scarf. She only wears her beautiful traditional dress, whose embroidery she is proud of, on very special highland festivals.

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Reliés par des andenes en demi-lune, profonds de 150 mètres, les quatre «cirques» aux sept terrasses de Moray étagées en entonnoir évoquent des colisées. Toutefois, les aqueducs qui les irriguent suggèrent qu'il s'agit plutôt de gradins dédiés à la culture des pommes de terre à déshydrater (moraya) ou de «jardins d'acclimatation» de fleurs magiques.

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Dans une vallée transversale partant de la Vallée sacée des Incas, les salines échelonnées de Maras sont toujours exploitées comme au temps des Incas. Selon la tradition, les Maras sont «nés» et partis de la mythologique caverne de Tamputoco avec les quatre Ayars géniteurs de la dynastie impériale.

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Chaumières, corrales à lamas et champs cultivés dans la région d'Acomayo sont encadrés de murettes en petites pierres.

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Sur l'altiplano de Puno, les hommes labourent encore avec la takila, bêche inca en bois dur que l'on enfonce d'un coup de pied, tandis que la femme, qui porte le dernier-né sur son dos, retourne les mottes de terre.

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La montagne «sauvage», le nevado Salcantay, le plus haut sommet de la Cordillère de Vilcabamba, qui culmine à 6271 mètres, nous cache Machu Picchu. En bas, d'artistiques «champs-blasons» aux graphiques totémiques du puma et du condor, «se dessinent nettement sur le paysage».

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Très animée, la feria dominicale de Chinchero attire des centaines d'aborigènes aux costumes couleurs d'arc-en-ciel!

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Dans le village d'Acomayo, près de Huánuco, des files d'épis de mais sèchent et se dorent au soleil.

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Héritée des Incas, la coutume veut qu’on boive la chicha de mais mousseuse et alcoolisée par la fermentation dans de grands verres qui ont remplacé les beaux kéros de bois laqué. - Chinchero, Cuzco

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Les temps changent! les fillettes indiennes d'Acomayo transportent l'eau non plus dans une poterie, mais dans une vulgaire cruche émaillée.

The serious face of this girl from Combapata, Cuzco, is tanned by the harsh mountain climate. She wears a cap with a forward-facing peak and a wide, patterned, hand-woven belt around her waist.

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Nattes brunes sous sombrero de paille blanche ou de feutre brun, le dos plus chargé que celui de l'âne, ces Indiennes de Huaripampa, dans le département d'Ancash, grimpent courageusement vers quelque lointain marché.

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A l'issue des obscurs dédales du «quartier des prisons» de Machu Picchu repose une dalle plate et triangulaire en forme de condor couché face au soleil levant. Entre la «collerette» de pierre et le bec recourbé, une rigole recueillait le sang fécondant des sacrifices qui s'écoulait jusque dans les entrailles de la Terre-Mère.

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Entre Cuzco et Abancay, à 3500 mètres d'altitude, surgit un fascinant monolithe! Sculptés dans un dôme de lave haut de plus de 2 mètres, entre des «temples, des lagunes-réceptacles et des canaux, ressortent quelque deux cents figures allégoriques: morts allongés, pumas, serpents, vigognes, singes, lézards, crapauds, scorpions. Peut-être la «maquette» en pierre de Sayhuite était-elle liée à des sortilèges et à des rites de pluviomagie...

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Chez les anciens Péruviens, le quipu, mystérieuse cordelette à noeuds mnémonique, que nul ne sait plus déchiffrer, remplaçait l'écriture. Long de 3 mètres et de couleurs variées, celui-ci, qui provient des fouilles de Nazca, sur la côte, a six cent ans d'âge. (Musée régional de Ica.)

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Dès lors que le cavernicole ou le chasseur nomade précolombien devient sédentaire, il tisse les fibres végétales pour se vêtir. D'abord rudimentaire, le tissage devient, avec l'apparition du coton vers 1.400 av. J.-C., un artisanat authentique. Art que cultive toujours, sur le rustique métier de bois posé à l'horizontale, ce tisserand de Quinua, près d'Ayacucho.

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Ce fardo funéraire d'un mètre de hauteur est visible au Museo de Antropologia y Arqueologia de Lima, Pérou. Quel dignitaire inca se cache derrière un masque d'apparat en cuivre? Quelle princière momie coiffée de fines nattes postiches, le front ceint d'un Ilauto à plumes jaunes, vêtue d'un uncu à dessins géométriques ceinturé d'une cordelière à pompons rouges, emporta pour son voyage posthume une besace aux lamas stylisés selon d'ancestrales traditions?..

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Tissée en coton, prolongée de franges abondantes, l'artistique chuspa d'un Indien coquero d'il y a six cents ans contenait encore sa provision de route de feuilles de coca. Le motif en étoile carrée du haut symbolise le lama céleste, géniteur et protecteur de l'espèce. (Museo regional de Ica, Pérou.)

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Précurseur du poncho indien, l'uncu inca aux dessins linéaires en cinq couleurs qui alternent à l'oblique avec des étoiles à huit pointes vient de la région de Chincha, sur la côte sud du Pacifique péruvien. Hauteur: 97 centimètres, largeur: 77 centimètres. (Museo nacional de Antropologia y Arqueologia de Lima, Pérou.)

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Chef-d'oeuvre tant par la texture du tissage en cumbi que par l'harmonie des coloris, ce somptueux uncu impérial fut porté par l'un des dynastes ou par quelque noble de la cour du Cuzco. Quatre-vingt-huit «cases» contenant de mystérieux symboles dits tocapus, interprétés comme une «écriture antique» et secrète, sont actuellement étudiés par Victoria de la Jara et Tomas Barthel. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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En ce jour de fête champêtre sur le haut plateau de Puno, des Ilameros exécutent la très ancienne «danse du Lama», le solennel et dédaigneux camélidé exclusif des Andes, devant la toute simple église de San Juan de Chuquibambilla.

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Chaque année, à partir du 21 juin, qui marque, dans la sierra, le solstice d'hiver, les fêtes solennelles de I'Inti Raymi, «Pâques du Soleil» des Incas, sont reconstituées au Cuzco. Le soir venu, Indiens et Indiennes, en tenue de gala, se livrent entre eux aux danses populaires qui sont plus un rite qu'une distraction.

In front of the wall of the famous ceremonial centre of Chavín de Huantar in the middle of the Cordillera Blanca, where a high Peruvian culture emerged 2000 years before the Incas, this Indian plays a sad tune on his quena ... of love and eternity.

This woman from Combapata with her peculiar flat hat, her sharply cut face framed by an embroidered scarf, embodies all the dignity of the ancient pre-Columbian peoples.

In the vast and infinite silence of the Altiplano, the Aymara have been playing their zampoña since time immemorial ... whose wistful and strange sounds are carried away by the mountain winds.

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C'est par une musique aussi tonitruante que discordante que la banda, l'orchestre en ponchos bariolés, inaugure aux quatre vents le nouveau terrain de football!

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Exhumés de tombeaux pré-inca et inca, ces très vieux instruments sont conservés au Museo Yoshitaro Amano de Lima, Pérou. Longue de 20,5 centimètres, une quena d'os blanc à quatre trous, ponctuée de petits cercles poinçonnés au centre, provient du site de Lauri-Chancay, sur la côte. Et de Chincha, plus au sud, l'autre quena en forme de bras prolongé d'une main et gravée d'un totem humain.

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Exhumés de tombeaux pré-inca et inca, ces très vieux instruments sont conservés au Museo Yoshitaro Amano de Lima, Pérou. Trouvée à Palpa, dans les sables des déserts, la zampoña (flûte de Pan américaine, 32 cm) est faite de bambous inégaux liés avec des cordelettes végétales. La petite zampoña on a trouvé à Lauri, Chancay.

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L'un des «trésors» les plus «hauts» du globe: celui découvert à 6.050 mètres d'altitude, au sommet du volcan Pili, dans les Andes du Chili. Un éventail de plumes rouges, des cordelettes tressées, une ceinture tissée, des fragments de tunique multicolore, des tupus (fibules) et un bracelet de cuivre oxydé, une idole d'argent, furent trouvés près du cratère éteint. Ces offrandes rappellent le culte des volcans d'où se disaient issues de vieilles ethnies, encore pratiqué au moment de la Conquête espagnole. (Museo de San Pedro de Atacama, Chili.)

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La «déesse des Neiges» reposait à 5.634 mètres d'altitude, sur le Pichu Pichu, l'un des trois volcans à «nom de chat» d'Arequipa. Protégés par une chape de glace et de cendres du «feu de la terre», des momies à colliers de turquoise et quarante crânes humains trépanés disposés en cercle parfait entouraient la petite idole d'or, haute de 8 centimètres. (Museo de la Universidad nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa, Pérou.)

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Cette autre petite idole féminine de la cime du Pichu Pichu, haute de 14 centimètres, est en argent. Elle était habillée de vêtements miniatures. (Museo de la Universidad nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa, Pérou.)

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Offert en holocauste au dieu Soleil, comme calmement endormi d'hier, la tte entre les mains et prêt à s'éveiller, le petit prince inca du Cerro El Plomo, au Chili, devait avoir neuf ans. Lui aussi comblé d'offrandes d'or et d'argent, d'amulettes emplumées, coiffé de cent vingt-trois nattes, anesthésié de coca et de chicha, il garde miraculeusement depuis plus de cinq cents ans les couleurs de la vie. Porté en litière jusque sur la cime sacrée où le gel le surprit et le momifia, découvert en 1954, il dort aujourd'hui dans un... réfrigérateur au Museo de Santiago, Chili!

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La fort étrange «consultation» d'un moderne «prêtre des esprits», a lieu à 4 heures du matin, par un froid de 17°C sous zéro, sur le haut plateau péruvien. Des feuilles vertes de coca, fèves et graines, fleurs séchées, papiers de couleur... disposés sur un autel improvisé, sont offerts à la Pachamama, déesse de la Terre-Mère et de la fécondité avant d'être brûlés au-dehors.

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Ce plat-fontaine cérémoniel en argent du culte de l'Eau provient de Andahuaylillas, aux environs du Cuzco. Devant l'aryballe sur le rebord, on distingue un petit personnage mâchant la coca, et l'abreuvoir aux lamas dont Fun est couché et l'autre sans tête. Cette très rare qocha est percée de trois orifices par où s'écoule le liquide. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Haute de 24 centimètres, lourde de 550 grammes, cette «vierge» d'or pur fut retrouvée dans une sépulture de Hualla Hualla, au pied du Nevado Ausengate, sommet déifié du Cuzco. Dix lames d'or soudées et repoussées modèlent cette conopa, splendide pièce de l'orfèvrerie inca. L'aryballe d'or modèle réduit, haut de 10 centimètres, est originaire d'Acomayo. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Tumi de Pukamoqo (Cuzco) en Ilaqsa ou tumbaga, le savant alliage d'or, de cuivre et d'étain des orfèvres impériaux. Le manche de la hache sacrificielle est surmonté d'une tête de lama aux oreilles et yeux de cuivre pur. Hauteur: 19,5 centimètres. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueobogia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Ce charmant lama miniature (41 millimètres) en argent ornait une sépulture du volcan Quimal, sommet, culminant à 4303 mètres, de la cordillère de Domeyco, au Chili. (Museo de San Pedro de Atacama, Chili.)

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Très réaliste, ce couple de jorobados en argent, haut de 6 centimètres, nouis rappelle que les bossus étaient au service personnel de l'Inca et de la Coya. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Souvenir de la conquête inca en Equateur, ce bracelet d'argent haut de 11cm et 10,5 centimètres, figure an Museo del Banco central de Quito, Equateur.

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Souvenir de la conquête inca en Equateur, ce bracelet d'argent haut de 10,5 centimètres, figure an Museo del Banco central de Quito, Equateur.

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Sous la longue coiffe rectangulaire des Acllas et fardée de cinabre, une «femme choisie » d'argent doré semble tendre les bras à l'Inca (23 centimètres de haut). (Museo de Oro del Perû, Lima.)

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A 11 kilomètres de Lima, au bord de la Carretera central, la route des Andes, s'élève l'élégant palais pré-inca (XIIe) de Puruchuco, le «Seigneur au casque emplumé» soumis par les Incas. Nous voyons ici son merveilleux poncho cérémoniel au dos couvert de plumes jaunes d'ara. Masquée et couronnée d'argent bruni, la noble momie portait un couvre-nuque dont les motifs stylisés illustrent un art plumaire de toute beauté. Par-devant, le poncho est entièrement constellé de petits cercles d'argent et bordé de plumes noires et bleu turquoise. (Museo de Puruchuco, Lima, Pérou.)

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Kero cérémoniel en bois taillé de l'époque dite de «transition inca-coloniale». Sous un soleil, une demi-lune verte semble pleurer comme des flocons de neige (?). De chaque côté, des dignitaires casqués portent un «toast» aux astres vénérés. Des tocapus ornent la bande centrale, et dessous tombent ou volent des kantutas (Kantu buxfolia Juss), fleurs nationales et sacrées des Incas, dont il existe trente-deux variétés (hauteur: 19,5 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Impressionnant kero inca de bois en «tête de puma» totémique, aux couleurs peu fréquentes, obtenues an moyen de laques résineuses dont les Indiens n'ont pu, de nos jours, retrouver le secret de fabrication (hauteur: 19 centimètres).(Museo e Instituto de Arqueobogia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Non moins frappant est ce kero-portrait en haut relief, «tatoué» de trois bandes superposées noire, marron et rouge. En couvre-nuque, une scène royale dépeint l'Inca, son blason et son épouse, éventés par le parasol de plumes qu'agitent les traditionnels cumillos. Un autre bossu joue de la tinya (tambour) tandis que fleurs et motifs géométriques complètent la décoration (21 x 16 x 11,5 centimètres). (Museo de la Universidad nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa, Pérou.)

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La macka est la forme la plus caractéristique de l'aryballe des Incas. De corps sphérique et base conique, flanquée de deux anses basses latérales, la jarre est en outre pourvue, sous le col sphérique, d'une petite tête en relief qui a pour but de retenir la corde avec laquelle l'Indien transporte ba poterie pleine sur son dos. Celle-ci, mise au jour en Equateur, est unique en son genre par le décor géométrique et zoomorphe exceptionnel (hauteur: 23 centimètres). (Museo del Banco central, Quito, Equateur.)

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A peine haut de 10 centimètres, ce petit kero inca est délicatement peint de gracieux sujets nulle part ailleurs représentés sur ces vases des libations rituelles de chicha de maïs. (Museo Yoshitaro Amano, Lima, Pérou.)

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Cruche cérémonielle de Huacaypata, l'antique place sacrée du Cuzco inca. Haute de 28 centimètres, de ravissantes tonalités soulignent les anses-jaguars et les deux serpents allongés qui encadrent un harmonieux panneau géométrique. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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La couleur noire de cette bizarre céramique carrée est caractéristique du style Chimú tardif - transition Tallan du Nord péruvien (1470-1532). Elle représente deux colicas, des «magasins» à grains (hauteur: 22 centimètres). (Museo arqueologico Brüning, Lambayeque, Pérou.)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Ce très élégant vase à fleur de Limapampa, mis an jour en 1928 très près du Coricancha de Cuzco, sur la Rimac Pampa, réunit plusieurs des motifs décoratifs chers aux Incas: la grande fleur de kantuta, la tête de Puma et une ronde hiératique de Vierges du Soleil qui se donnent la main, où perchent des oiseaux. Il n'existe an Pérou que deux ticachuranas de ce type (hauteur: 34centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Sur fond d'azur dilué, deux napas, lamas blancs aux longs cous croisés, totems des Collas du lac Titicaca, décorent cette céramique plate à deux anses. Elle daterait de la conquête inca (1300-1470) des tropicales vallées boliviennes. (Instituto nacional de Arqueologia, La Paz, Bolivie.)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Cette coquille spiralée d'escargot est une céramique inca de l'Equateur. Elle contient un petit récipient dont l'ouverture mesure 4,5 centimètres de diamètre. Largeur 18 cm - hauteur 9 cm (Museo del Banco central, Quito, Equateur.)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Né, selon la légende, des dents d'un enfant du Soleil, le mais fut «adoré comme un dieu» dans tout l'ancien Pérou. Des épis de maïs en pierre on Sara Mama étaient enterrés dans les champs, et des choclos d'or, avec les momies. Aujourd'hui encore, quand on sème le maïs dans la sierra, de joyeuses fêtes sont célébrées. (Museo regional de Ica, Pérou.)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Une autre porra étoilée, en lourde pierre taillée à huit pointes, de l'époque inca (1300-1400). Diamètre: 13 centimètres. (Instituto nacional de Arqueologia, La Paz, Bolivie.)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Ullti de basalte noir soigneusement poli, en forme d'alpaca. On distingue la longue toison et l'épais jabot de laine soyeuse de l'un des auquénidés des Andes. Offrande votive, l'ullti au dos creux fait partie du culte agricole visant à obtenir la fertilité de la terre qui nourrit les troupeaux d'alpacas (longueur: 23 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Très lourd récipient liturgique, sculpté dans la pierre. Circulaire, il mesure, d'une anse à l'autre, 59 centimètres. Des amarus lovés en spirale ou serpentant l'entourent (diamètre intérieur: 31,5 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Quadrangulaire, ce réceptacle cérémoniel en pierre, lié au culte de l'eau, est orné au fond, en haut-relief, d'un batracien. Tout autour, quatre soleils entre douze ranas que soulignent quatre serpents bicéphales à tête de condor semblent rappeler le thème favori de Tiahuanaco, lieu de la genèse mythique des Incas (largeur: 19,5 centimètres; longueur: 24 centimètres; hauteur: 6,5 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Depuis trois mille ans ou davantage encore, 1'Indien de la Vallée sacrée des Incas et de toutes les Andes, pour appeler hommes et dieux, souffle dans le pututo, grosse conque marine du Pacifique, le Spondylus au son rauque.

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Enigmatiques et impérissables «testaments» de l'Empire inca du Tahuantinsuyo, les temples s'ouvrent majestueusement sur Inti Cancha, la place cérémonielle du haut quartier magico-religieux de Machu Picchu, que surplombent les quatorze terrasses pyramidales de l'observatoire et acropole solaire où se trouve l'Intihuatana.

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Rien n'illustre mieux la science hydraulique des anciens peuples de la Cordillère des Andes que les seize Amanahuasis, superbes «bains» rituels ou liturgiques qui s'étagent en cascade depuis le faste du «gratte-ciel» des Incas jusqu'aux abîmes qui le défendent.

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Longeant les Barracas en pente et restaurées des antiques agriculteurs, cent escaliers qui totalisent plus de trois mille marches et hauts paliers relient les deux cent soixante palais, temples, sanctuaires, thermes, autels sacrificiels, cavernes à momies et jardins «suspendus» de cet «hymne de pierre», Machu Picchu, qui est un véritable défi à la nature et qui conserve tous ses secrets!

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Absolument invisible depuis le fond du sauvage canyon de l'Urubamba, dressée à 2500 mètres d'altitude dans l'ombre du Huayna Picchu, enchâssée dans un imprenable piédestal granitique, la fantomatique «Cité perdue» de Machu Picchu le demeura au sens réel du mot durant quatre cents ans avant que ne la retrouve miraculeusement, en 1911, l'explorateur américain Hiram Bingham.

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Précédé des "chapelles" d'un culte ésotérique, dominant la mystérieuse cité des dieux précolombiens, "huitième merveille du monde", se détache l'Intihuatana, où, lors des solstices, le grand prêtre Willac Umu amarrait symboliquement avec une chaîne d'or, au gnomon pétrifié, le soleil-Père des Incas...

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Piquillacta: De curieuses figurines en turquoise ont été mises au jour dans ce grand centre pré-inca (Culture Huari 800-1200 ap. J.-C.) qu'occupèrent ensuite les empereurs du Cuzco. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad de Cuzco)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Pachacamac: Le plus grand sanctuaire de la côte péruvienne, consacré au dieu créateur de l'univers, fut investi par les Incas, comme en témoigne cette porte en «trapèze».

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Poignée d'une pala de labranza, outil agricole mais d'usage cérémoniel, sculptée dans le bois de huarango (caroubier) et surmontée de petits personnages en parade. (Museo Regional de Ica)

The legends are only available in German, French or Spanish
Ollantaytambo: le fameux ‘Baño de la Ñusta’, le bain de la princesse ‘Etoile joyeuse’, qui venait ici pour recevoir l'eau purificatrice descendue des glaciers andins.

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Das Altiplano zwischen den Ruinen von Tiahuanaco und La Paz mit der Cordillera Real und dem 6500 Meter hohen Huayana Potosí im Hintergrund. Die Indiofrau im Vordergrund hütet Schafe und Schweine. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Detail eines Stoffes der Vorinkazeit aus Puruchuco im Rímactal mit einem für die Kulturen der zentralperuanischen Pazifikküste charakteristischen Vogelmotiv in geometrischer Stilisierung, wie es besonders in Arbeiten der Chancay-Kultur häufig erscheint. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Aus dem Talkessel von La Paz steigt die Straße über 1000 Meter bis zur Passhöhe La Cumbre (Bild) in 4643 Meter Höhe empor, bevor sie jenseits der sich im Hintergrund auftürmenden Cordillera Real in zahllosen Kehren über ein tiefeingesenktes U- Tal in die Yungas herabführt. Die baumlose Büsche/gras- Vegetation der Puna bedeckt hier noch den Sattel, auf dem Indios mit einer Lamaherde rasten. Etwas weiter unten im Tal kommt Buschwerk auf, bis dann schließlich geschlossener Wald einsetzt. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der gewaltige Granodiorit-Batholith der Südanden wird in der chilenischen Provinz Magallanes von der auf argentinisches Gebiet übergreifenden Cordillera del Paine (2460 m) überragt. Die hohen Felsnadeln, die Torres del Paine, bestehen aus Überresten kreidezeitlicher Deckschichten, die einst den aus der Tiefe emporgedrungenen lntrusivkörper überlagerten. Durch Kontaktmetamorphose ist das Gestein stark verhärtet und dadurch besonders widerstandsfähig gegen Abtragungsvorgänge geworden. Im Vordergrund die Laguna Amarga. Das Bild entstand im Südsommer, am 10. Januar 1976 um 11 Uhr abends.

An Indian in the Peruvian Altiplano plays the zampoña with an enraptured expression, the sounds of which (perhaps a yaraví or triste?) are able to convey all the melancholy of the vastness and loneliness. - Chuquibambilla, Puno - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die schon 1540 von den Spaniern in 2370 Meter Höhe gegründete Stadt Arequipa zählt heute rund zweihunderttausend Einwohner und liegt in einem engen Hochbecken, in dem Feldbau nur dank künstlicher Bewässerung möglich ist. Ihren Beinamen «die Weisse Stadt» verdankt sie dem als Baumaterial verwendeten weißen Tuffstein. Überragt wird Arequipa vom 5842 Meter hohen Misti, einem der wenigen tätigen Vulkane Perus. Nur in der sommerlichen Regenzeit bedeckt eine Schneehaube den ebenmäßigen Kegel. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Büsserschnee ist ein an die Hochgebirge der subtropisch-tropischen Trockenzone der Alten und Neuen Welt gebundenes Phänomen. Schneedecken, die sich in der niederschlagsreichen Jahreszeit gebildet haben, unterliegen bei sommerlich–herbstlichem Strahlungswetter selektiven Abschmelzungsvorgängen, die durch Unebenheiten auf der ursprünglichen Schneefläche gesteuert werden und dicht nebeneinanderstehende, aber doch völlig isolierte Firnzacken herausmodellieren, die einer Prozession von Gestalten im weißen Büßerhemd ähneln (penitentes). Das Bild ist in 4900 Meter Höhe am Paß von Huaitiquina aufgenommen, der von Salta (Argentinien) nach San Pedro de Atacama (Chile) führt. - 1975

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die etwa 500 Kilometer lange Sierra Nevada de Mérida bildet die Fortsetzung der kolumbianischen Ostkordillere auf venezolanischem Gebiet. In ihren mittleren Teilen besteht sie aus Gneis und Granit, denen an beiden Flanken aufgeschleppte junge Schichtgesteine angelagert sind. Infolge starker tertiärer Hebungen erreicht der zentrale Gebirgsblock außerordentliche Höhen. Er kulminiert im 5003 Meter hohen Pico Bolivar, aber die rechts im Bild sichtbaren Gipfel des Pico Humboldt (4942 m) und des Pico Bonpland (4883 m) stehen ihm an Höhe nur wenig nach. – 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Vor dem Hintergrund der bis 2300 Meter hohen Darwinkette im chilenischen Feuerland erreicht ein großer Talgletscher den Admiralitätsfjord. Zwei durch die Vereinigung mit Nebengletschern entstandene Mittelmoränen erscheinen als dunkle Streifen. Aus dem Treibeisfeld vor der kalbenden Gletscherzunge driften Eisberge in den in die Magellanstrasse mündenden Fjord. - 1975

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die zwischen 1896 und 1898 geborene Angela Loij starb 1975 in Río Grande in Argentinisch-Feuerland als letzte Vertreterin der Ona, eines der drei Stämme der Feuerländer, die bis Anfang des letzten Jahrhunderts auf einer steinzeitlichen Kulturstufe lebten und sich von Jagd, Fischfang und Sammeln von Wildfrüchten ernährten. Als Schutz gegen die Kälte schmierten sie ihre Körper mit einer dicken Schicht Fett ein. Meist gingen sie nackt oder trugen nur grob zugeschnittene Felle. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Kolumbien ist der einzige Staat Südamerikas, der an zwei Ozeane grenzt. Aber der Verkehrswert der pazifischen und der karibischen Küste ist sehr unterschiedlich. Der von Mangrovenwäldern gesäumten, schwer zugänglichen pazifischen Schwemmlandebene steht die buchtenreiche karibische Felsküste gegenüber (Bild). Zu ihr öffnen sich auch die großen Längstäler, die Ost-, Zentral und Westkordillere Kolumbiens trennen. Das Magdalenatal war eines der großen Einfallstore der spanischen Eroberer. Im Osten wird das Stromdelta von der Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta begrenzt, an deren in Buchten, Halbinseln und Inseln aufgelöster Nordflanke ständig die Brandung nagt. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Von der zentralen Kordillere durch die Schwemmlandebenen des Rio Magdalena und des Rio Cauca getrennt, erhebt sich im äußersten Norden Kolumbiens der isolierte Gebirgsstock der Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Im Pico Cristóbal Colon erreicht er eine Höhe von 5776 Metern. Dichter tropischer Berg- und Nebelwald bedeckt die Hänge bis auf über 3000 Meter, die Schneegrenze liegt zwischen 4700 und 5100 Meter. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
In den Vorgebirgen der Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta leben die Kogi-lndianer. Im Bild ist das längliche Gebäude rechts das Männerhaus, in dem die Männer während ihres Aufenthalts im Dorf wohnen. Die ebenfalls strohgedeckten Rundhäuser dienen den Frauen und Kindern als Unterkunft. Die Kogi treffen sich nur zu bestimmten Zeiten, etwa zweimal im Monat, zu zeremoniellen Feiern in den Dörfern; die restliche Zeit verbringen sie - ebenfalls nach Geschlechtern getrennt in zwei Hütten lebend - auf ihren Feldern, wo sie Mais, Maniok, Bananen, Kürbisse, Zuckerrohr und Bohnen anbauen. Was sie nicht selbst produzieren können, tauschen sie gegen Hühner, Schweine und andere Erzeugnisse. – 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Ein Knabe der Kogi-lndianer. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Fünf der Gipfel der Sierra Nevada de Mérida tragen, wie schon der Name besagt, ewigen Schnee. Die Schneegrenze liegt je nach Exposition zwischen 4650 und 4750 Meter Höhe. Aus dem von Firn erfüllten großen Kar des Pico Bolívar (5003 m) zieht sich eine kleine Gletscherzunge herab, aus der früher von der Bevölkerung Méridas Eisblöcke zur Kühlung von Speisen und Getränken geschlagen wurden. Rechts der Pico Abanico (4900 m). Blick vom Pico Espejo. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der natürliche Wiederbewuchs der durch Raubbau verwüsteten Hänge der nordkolumbianischen Ostkordillere wird durch die jeweils mehrmonatige Trockenzeit erschwert. Das verwüstete Bergland mit dem zum Río Sogamoso fließenden Río Sube ist weithin wirtschaftlich wertlos und fast menschenleer. – 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Wie die Vulkane Huila (5750 m), Ruiz (5400 m) und Tolima (5215 m) überragt auch der eisgepanzerte Santa Isabel (5100 m) die von Moränen bedeckten weiträumigen Hochflächen der kolumbianischen Zentralkordillere. – 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Im Knoten (Nudo) von Pasto vereinigen sich die drei kolumbianischen Gebirgsstränge und bilden ein schwer zu gliederndes Hochgebirgsland. Den kräftig zertalten Bergflanken stehen von vulkanischer Asche erfüllte Becken und weich verkleidete Hangfußzonen gegenüber, die die Maisfelder der indianischen Bauern tragen. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Grabenbruch des Magdalenatals liegt im Windschatten der kolumbianischen Ost- und Zentralkordillere und ist daher verhältnismäßig trocken. Offenes Grasland, da und dort von Dorn- und Kakteenbusch durchsetzt, wie hier in der Gegend von Neiva, bedeckt den breiten Talboden. – 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Ein Salasaca in typischer Tracht- schwarzer Poncho, weiße Hose und weißes Hemd – am Webstuhl. Der karge Boden der zentralecuadorianischen Provinz Tungurahua um die Stadt Ambato hat die Salasacas, einen Stamm von rund zweitausend Indios, gezwungen, neben der Landwirtschaft einem zweiten Erwerb nachzugehen. Ihre Teppiche mit Vogel- und Tiermotiven sind weitherum berühmt. Den Vertrieb der Stoffe besorgen meist die Otavaleños. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Einer der berühmtesten Indianermärkte der Anden findet jeweils samstags in Otavalo (Provinz lmbabura, Ecuador) statt. Die Otavaleños genießen einen hervorragenden Ruf als Handelspartner und Kaufleute; sie sind mit ihrer Ware auf dem Rücken überall auf den Andenstraßen anzutreffen. Ihr Markt ist eine touristische Hauptattraktion mit Hahnenkämpfen am Nachmittag und im Juni Stierkämpfen geworden. Neben eigenen Produkten verkaufen sie hier die Tücher und Teppiche der Salasacas. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Als gewaltige Landmarke von 6272 Metern Höhe ragt der Chimborazo am Westrand der ecuadorianischen Beckenflucht empor. Alexander von Humboldt hatte den stark vergletscherten Vulkan, der im 19. Jahrhundert als der höchste Berg der Erde galt, am 23. Juni 1802 fast bis zum Gipfel bestiegen. Die Eukalyptuswälder im Vordergrund hatte er noch nicht gesehen. Dieser australische Baum wurde erst um 1850 eingeführt. – 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Marktszene vom Sonntagsmarkt in Riobamba, Provinz Chimborazo in Ecuador. -1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Sonntagsmarkt in Cajabamba westlich von Riobamba. Zweihundert Arten Kartoffeln, von kleinen weißen Knollen bis zu den riesigen roten Süßkartoffeln, ein Dutzend Maisarten, Quínoa («Perureis»), Hülsenfrüchte, aber auch Futtermittel und gelegentlich moderne Dünger und Farbstoffe werden auf diesen Märkten angeboten. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Vulkan Tungurahua erhebt sich 140 Kilometer südlich von Quito bis in 5016 Meter Höhe. Seine letzten Ausbrüche erfolgten im vorigen Jahrhundert. Das an seinem Fuß gelegene Thermalbad ‘Los Baños’ ist der meistbesuchte Kurort Ecuadors. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Cotopaxi (5897 m) in der Ostkordillere Ecuadors ist der höchste tätige Vulkan der Erde. Wenn er auch seit 1928 keinen Ausbruch mehr gehabt hat, so beweist doch die an kühlen Tagen über dem ebenmäßigen Gipfel stehende Rauchsäule, dass er noch keineswegs erloschen ist. - 1972

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Boden des in 800 bis 1100 Meter Höhe gelegenen Caucagrabens steigt nach Süden hin allmählich an, erreicht bei Popayán eine Höhe von 1760 Metern und setzt sich im immer schmaler werdenden Pariagraben bis zur Grenze gegen Ecuador fort. Das Bild zeigt die Grabenzone südwestlich Popayáns. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Den alpinen Matten über der Baumgrenze entsprechen in den feuchttropischen Nordanden die Páramos: weite, von stammbildenden Korbblütlern durchsetzte Büschelgrasfluren. Die silbergrauen, flauschigen Blätter und die von Weidefeuern versengten Stämme der Espeletien (frailejones) bieten besonders bei Nebeltreiben einen gespenstischen Anblick (Páramo de Purace. Kolumbianische Zentralkordillere). - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Saraguro in der Provinz Loja, Ecuador. Die topos, Einstecknadeln, mit denen die Saragurofrauen ihren Poncho zusammenhalten, finden sich mit dem Sonnenkopf nur bei diesem Stamm. In Peru sind sie löffelförmig. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Saraguro in der Provinz Loja, Ecuador. Ein besonders schöner Brauch der Saraguros sind die Blumenopfer: Alljährlich werden in der weihnächtlichen Mitternachtsmesse die muñidoras bestimmt. Diese Frauen sind dann übers Jahr für die Blumenopfer verantwortlich. Aus Gartenblumen fertigen sie kleine Arrangements, in denen winzige Figürchen, Kreuze und Sterne versteckt sind, und legen diese jeden Sonntagmorgen in den verschiedenen Kirchen nieder. Ledige stecken die Blumen in bestimmten runden Formen, nur alte Frauen oder Witwen dürfen zweigförmige Gebilde anfertigen. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Sonntagsausflug mit dem Camion in der kolumbianischen Provinz Huila. Lastkraftwagen ersetzen in den Anden weitgehend den Bus. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Felsmalereien von Taira am Río Loa in der Atacamawüste, Nordchile. Diese gepunzten und bemalten Darstellungen von Lamas werden jungsteinzeitlichen Atacameños zugeschrieben. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
«La Cueva de las Manos» ist ein schwer zugängliches Abri oberhalb des Río Pinturas, zwischen Bajo Caracoles und Perito Moreno in der argentinischen Provinz Santa Cruz. Die Bedeutung der Hände ist nicht geklärt, ist jedoch sicher magischen Charakters. Die Malerei gehört zum Kreis der Toldense-Kultur, deren Alter bis auf etwa 8000 v. Chr. zurück geschätzt wird. Sie gehören heute zum Weltkulturerbe. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Kultur von San Agustín, Kolumbien. Monolithstatue eines Mannes mit dem «Zweiten Ich», photographiert auf dem Alto de las Piedras. - Parque arqueológico de San Agustín - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Chavín-Kultur, Peru. Die gewaltige Tempelanlage in der Nähe des Dorfes Chavín de Huántar hinter der Cordillera Blanca, in der sich diese Reliefplatten befinden, gab einer Kultur den Namen, deren Einfluss in weitem Umkreis und in späteren kulturellen Formen festgestellt werden kann, so dass sie mit einer gewissen Berechtigung als Mutterkultur bezeichnet werden darf. Immer wiederkehrende Motive sind der Jaguar (dieses Bild) oder Mischwesen aus Raubkatze, Schlange und Kondor und Krieger mit Raubtierzähnen, Kondorkrallen und Schlangenhaaren oder Haaren mit Kondorköpfen. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Chavín-Kultur, Peru. Die gewaltige Tempelanlage in der Nähe des Dorfes Chavín de Huántar hinter der Cordillera Blanca, in der sich diese Reliefplatten befinden, gab einer Kultur den Namen, deren Einfluß in weitem Umkreis und in späteren kulturellen Formen festgestellt werden kann, so daß sie mit einer gewissen Berechtigung als Mutterkultur bezeichnet werden darf. Immer wiederkehrende Motive sind der Jaguar oder Mischwesen aus Raubkatze, Schlange und Kondor und Krieger mit Raubtierzähnen, Kondorkrallen und Schlangenhaaren (dieses Bild) oder Haaren mit Kondorköpfen. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Detail aus der Tempelanlage des Cerro Sechín im Casmatal an der peruanischen Pazifikküste. Der Komplex aus rund neunzig zum Teil gewaltigen Monolithplatten wird dem Küsten-Chavín-Stil zugeordnet, obwohl die Reliefs wenig mit den anderen altperuanischen Steinarbeiten zu tun haben und eher Ähnlichkeiten mit der mexikanischen Monte-Albán-Kultur aufweisen. Die im Profil dargestellten Figuren blicken alle zum Haupteingang des Tempels. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die «Ponce»-Monolithfigur in der Kalasasaya (Aimara für «aufgestellten Stein»), Tiahuanaco, Bolivien. Die mit geometrischen Ornamenten übersäte Stele ist ungefähr vier Meter hoch. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Keramik-Räuchergefäß in Raubkatzenform (20 cm Höhe) der Tiahuanaco-Kultur (4. Epoche, 667 n. Chr.). Der Schwanz ist als Henkelgriff geformt, und der in der Rückenschale entfachte Rauch entweicht durch die Augen. Instituto Nacional de Arqueología, La Paz, Bolivien. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Keramikstandbild Naymlaps, des mythischen Gründers des Chimúreiches (Höhe 18 cm). Museo Arqueológico Brüning, Lambayeque, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Goldene Totenmaske der Chimú (Breite 31 cm). Privatsammlung, Schweiz. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Fussschale aus der Kultur Tuncahuán-Carchi mit Vogelmotiv (Durchmesser 21 cm, Höhe 8,5 cm). Museo del Banco Central del Ecuador, Ouito. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Vase der Panzaleo-Kultur mit Negativornament (Durchmesser oben 13,5 cm, Höhe 19 cm). Die Panzaleo-Kultur blühte in den Provinzen Tungurahua und Cotopaxi zwischen 500 v. und 500 n. Chr. Museo del Banco Central del Ecuador, Ouito. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Pucará de Lasana, ein verlassenes Atacameño-Dorf am Río Loa in der Atacamawüste, Chile. Die Atacameños kannten den Terrassenbau mit künstlicher Bewässerung und bauten ihre Behausungen eng aneinander, um das karge Kulturland nicht zu verschwenden. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Anthropomorpher Krug aus der Zweiten Phase der Atacama-Kultur (Höhe 19 cm) in der typischen schwarzen Keramik. Museo San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Schädel mit Stirnband aus einem Atacameño-Grab der Zweiten Phase im Fundort Quitor 6, Atacamawüste. Das Grab enthielt nur den Schädel ohne das restliche Skelett. Solche rituellen Schädelbestattungen sind bisher von keiner anderen Fundstelle Südamerikas bekannt geworden. Museo San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Monolithstatue aus dem «archäologischen Park» von San Agustín (Departement Huila, Kolumbien). Die häufige Darstellung menschlicher Figuren mit Raubkatzenzähnen zeugt für den einst hier herrschenden Jaguarkult und lässt in Verbindung mit dem Kind auf kannibalische Riten schließen. Die Hochblüte dieser Kultur wird um Christi Geburt vermutet: bei Ankunft der Spanier war sie längst erloschen. - 1972

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Felsmalereien von Toquepala, Departement Moquegua, Peru. In den Höhlen von Toquepala fand man Spuren menschlicher Besiedlung, die mit der Radiokarbonmethode auf ein Alter von rund 10‘000 Jahren datiert wurden. Dies beweist allerdings nicht, dass die sich zum Teil überschneidenden Malereien ebenso alt sind. Obwohl sie stilistisch durchaus einer altsteinzeitlichen Jägerbevölkerung zugeschrieben werden dürfen, könnten sie auch von späteren Menschen stammen, standen doch verschiedene Stämme Patagoniens und Südchiles bis in die neueste Zeit auf einer vergleichbaren Kulturstufe. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Statue des «EI Tablón» wurde von dem deutschen Archäologen K. Th. Preuß, der 1913/1914 in San Agustín arbeitete, als Mondgöttin interpretiert: heute neigt man eher dazu, in ihr einen Würdenträger mit den Insignien seiner Macht zu sehen. Die verschiedenen Stile belegen, dass San Agustín über Jahrhunderte als Kultstätte diente. Luis Duque Gomez, der seit 25 Jahren den «Parque» betreut, unterscheidet drei Phasen. Ein Rätsel bleibt, weshalb diese Kultur nicht wie andere in Südamerika auf ihre weitere Umgebung ausgestrahlt hat. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
«Tierradentro» (Land, das drinnen liegt) gehört zum heutigen Siedlungsgebiet der Paez-lndianer. Man vermutet Zusammenhänge zwischen den Kulturen von San Agustín und Tierradentro, jedenfalls finden sich an beiden Orten ähnliche Wächterfiguren. Einen besonderen Platz unter den vorkolumbischen Kulturen nimmt Tierradentro jedoch wegen seiner Grabkammern ein: in Kreidesandstein gehauene, bis zu 70 Quadratmeter große Kavernen, die vollständig mit geometrischen Ornamenten ausgemalt sind. Das vorherrschende Rot erinnert daran, dass auch in Mexiko die Farbe der Toten Rot ist. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Einer der wenigen, wenn nicht der einzige Stoff, der uns aus der Chavín-Kultur erhalten geblieben ist: bemalte Baumwolle und wieder die bekannten Motive der Reißzähne, Federschlangen und Kondorkrallen. Museo Amano, Lima, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Goldener Brustschmuck der Tolima-Kultur, Kolumbien, ein Vogel-Mensch-Mischwesen mit durchbrochenem Mittelteil und ankerartigem Fuß (10,5 x 19,2 cm, 184 g). Museo del Oro, Bogotá, Kolumbien. - 1972

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Huaco oder Steigbügelgefäß aus der Küsten-Chavín-Kultur, Chiclayotal, Peru (Höhe 23 cm). Chamäleon oder Katzenwesen in der für Chavín charakteristischen schwarzen Keramik. Museo Arqueológico Brüning, Lambayeque, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Mit Körnern gefüllte «Rumbakugel» in Vasenform mit anthropomorphem Hals und zwei aufgesetzten Äffchen. Santa-Keramik der Huari-Epoche (Höhe 21 cm). Museo Regional de Ancash, Huaraz, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Gefäß mit Doppelausguß und Bügelhenke der Nazca-Kultur. Die in der Klassischen Epoche des vorkolumbischen Peru zwischen 100 und 800 n. Chr. in den Küstentälern von lca, Pisco und Nazca blühende Kultur beeinflusste mit ihrer hervorragenden Keramik mit leuchtenden Farben sowohl die umliegenden Gebiete wie spätere Kulturen bis hin zu den Inka. Museo Regional de lca, Peru. Fundort Cuahuáchi, Nazca. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Gefäss in «Reitergestalt» der Cañari, Provinzen Cañar und Azuay, Ecuador (Höhe 16 cm). Periode der Integration, 500 bis 1400 n. Chr. Museo del Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Krug der Moche mit Mann und Haus auf kubischem Körper. Die Kultur der Mochica, manchmal auch Proto-Chimú genannt, blühte an der Küste Nordperus, um Trujillo, etwa gleichzeitig mit der Nazca-Kultur im Süden. Die Töpfereien der Mochica sind geradezu ethnologische Dokumente, geben sie doch alle Einzelheiten des täglichen Lebens wieder. Privatsammlung, Schweiz. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Detail eines Mumientuches (manto) der Paracas-Nekropolis-Kultur mit menschlichen Figuren, die Fächer und Zeremonienstäbe in den Händen tragen. Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología, Lima, Peru. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Kupferne Totenmaske der Chimú-Kultur, Peru (Höhe 22 cm). Die Chimú galten als die hervorragendsten Gold- und Silberschmiede der Vorinka-und lnkazeit. Nach der Unterwerfung der Chimú holten die Inka die besten Künstler nach Cuzco. Museo Arqueológico Brüning, Lambayeque, Peru. -1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Flachrelief einer menschlichen Figur (Höhe 25 cm) der Recuay-Kultur im Santatal, Peru, aus der Klassischen Epoche. Museo Regional de Ancash, Huaraz. Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Relief eines Kriegers mit Kopftrophäe und Schild (Höhe 32 cm). Recuay-Kultur. Museo Regional de Ancash, Huaraz, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Vase in Form eines Knienden der Vicús-Kultur, Nordperu. Vicús wird als Etappe des Experimentierens, zeitlich als Spätform der Formativen Periode angesehen, da in der Töpferei die verschiedensten Formen und technischen Lösungen erscheinen. Privatsammlung, Lima, Peru. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Das auf 3500 Meter über Meer gelegene Cuzco, der «Nabel der Welt», wurde von den Inkas um 1100 n. Chr. gegründet. 1536 zerstörten die Konquistadoren die Stadt und bauten sie in spanischer Manier wieder auf, wobei viele Inka-Fundamente verwendet wurden. So machen auch schon die Bauten das Nebeneinander und die Gleichzeitigkeit zweier Rassen und Kulturen deutlich, wie es sich mit aller Buntheit im Straßenbild zeigt. Der überwiegende Teil der 120‘000 Einwohner sind allerdings noch immer Indios. Cuzco ist Ausgangspunkt für den Besuch der meisten großen Inka-Anlagen wie Pisac, Machu Picchu, Ollantaytambo oder Sacsayhuamán, besitzt aber auch großartige Beispiele spanischer Kolonialkunst: die Kathedrale, die Jesuitenkirche La Merced, die Kirchen Santo Domingo - an der Stelle des alten Inka-Sonnenheiligtums errichtet - und Belen de los Reyes. Beim Wiederaufbau nach dem Erdbeben von 1950 versuchte man den Kirchen ihr ursprüngliches Gesicht von vor 1650 wiederzugeben. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Inka-Bergfestung Machu Picchu auf 2690 Meter Höhe vor dem Kegel des Huayna Picchu. Keiner der spanischen Eroberer erwähnt diese Stadt am Rand des Urwalds über dem Rio Urubamba (rechts), einem der Quellflüsse des Amazonas. Wie andere pucaras (befestigte Siedlungen) versorgte sich Machu Picchu im Notfall selbst, doch konnten die terrassierten Äcker höchstens 500 Menschen ernähren. Dieses späte Inkawerk enthält Bauten verschiedenen Stils. vorab den Königspalast aus schön behauenen Granitblöcken mit trapezförmigen Torgängen und Fensteröffnungen. Aber auch dicht gedrängte einfache Steinhütten und barackenähnliche Quartiere für die Soldaten. Ein ovaler Turm- einzig in seiner Art- hat die Vermutung aufkommen lassen, Machu Picchu sei noch nach dem Eintreffen der Spanier weiter ausgebaut worden. Entdeckt wurde die Stadt erst 1911 von einer Expedition, die auf der Suche nach der legendären letzten Inkafestung Vilcabamba war. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Campesino aus dem Dorf San Antonio de Chuca, Departement Arequipa, Peru. Die chullo genannte Ohrenmütze schützt gegen die oft beißende Kälte auf dem Altiplano. Gelegentlich tragen die Indios als Schutz gegen die grelle Sonne über dem Chullo einen Hut. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die 180 Kilometer lange Cordillera Blanca kulminiert im 6768 Meter hohen Huascarán, dem höchsten Berg Perus. Firnfelder und Gletscher bedecken auch die kaum weniger imposanten Nachbargipfel. Eisabbrüche und Muren bedeuten eine ständige Gefahr für die Talsiedlungen. Im Vordergrund die Blockmassen eines im Jahr 1970 niedergegangenen Eisschuttstroms. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
In dem auf 2960 Meter Höhe gelegenen Cajamarca lockte Francisco Pizarro den Inka Atahualpa in einen Hinterhalt und nahm ihn gefangen. Noch heute wird die «Camara de rescate» gezeigt, jenes Zimmer, das Atahualpa mit Gold anfüllen ließ. Das Lösegeld rettete ihn jedoch nicht vor dem gewaltsamen Tod. Cajamarca hat bis heute weitgehend seinen kolonialen Charakter bewahrt, und mit seinen 30‘000 Einwohnern ist es ein reger Marktflecken: Kleinbauern, die vor der landwirtschaftlichen Genossenschaft um ihr Milchgeld anstehen.- 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die von der Westkordillere herabkommenden Flüsse queren auf ihrem Lauf zum Pazifischen Ozean die peruanische Küstenwüste. Rund vierzig Kastentäler mit breiten Böden und steilen Rändern sind in die sanft zum Meer abfallende Wüstentafel eingesenkt. Mit ihren von Baumreihen gesäumten Wein-, Luzerne und Gemüsefeldern bilden sie grüne Oasen in einer kahlen Umgebung. Wenn man bei einer Fahrt auf der Carretera Panamericana diese Täler, wie das des Río Vítor kreuzt, wird man immer wieder überrascht vom Anblick der fruchtbaren Kulturbänder, die die Wüste durchziehen. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Nichts kann die wirtschaftlich-soziale Spannweite so gut illustrieren wie die Anbaumethoden. Während in einigen Gebieten mit dem Traktor gearbeitet wird, bestellen Indios auf ihren Kleinstbetrieben die Felder immer noch in einer Weise, die sich seit der Inkazeit nicht geändert hat. Dieses Bild zeigt das Aufbrechen des Bodens mit der taclla, der einzinkigen lnka-Stechgabel. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Nichts kann die wirtschaftlich-soziale Spannweite so gut illustrieren wie die Anbaumethoden. Während in einigen Gebieten mit dem Traktor gearbeitet wird, bestellen Indios auf ihren Kleinstbetrieben die Felder immer noch in einer Weise, die sich seit der Inkazeit nicht geändert hat. - Zwischen Huancayo und Izcuchaca - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Bild aus dem winterlichen Altiplano Perus. Lamatrupp bei Pampamarca an der Straße von Abancay nach Puquio. Departement Ayacucho. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Bild aus dem winterlichen Altiplano Perus. Indiofrau mit Kind im Departement Puno. Sie holt getrockneten Lama- oder Kuhmist, der als Brennmaterial dient. - San Juan de Chuquibambilla, Ayaviri, Puno - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Äsende Vikunjas auf 4200 Meter ü. M. Das Vikunja ist neben dem Guanako die zweite und kleinere wildlebende Art der Gattung Lama. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet ist heute auf das Andenhochland zwischen 4000 und 5500 Meter Höhe beschränkt, wo es kaum sichtbare flache Pflanzen äst. In Anpassung an diese Ernährungsweise hat es als einziges Huftier ständig nachwachsende untere Schneidezähne. Wegen seiner Wolle, die als feinste und kostbarste der Welt gilt, wurde es während der Kolonialzeit beinahe ausgerottet. Bereits Bolivar erließ deshalb Schutzgesetze, wie sie schon bei den Inka bestanden hatten, die die Tiere zum Scheren in Krals trieben und dann wieder freiließen. - PampaGaleras, Ayacucho, zwischen Abancay und Puquio - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Kirche von San Juan de Chuquibambilla in der Nähe von Ayaviri, Departement Puno, auf ungefähr 3900 Meter Höhe. – 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Hirtin mit Lamas und Alpakas im Altiplano an der Straße nach Mazo Cruz, Puno. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Shaqsha 5703 m (rechts) gehört zu den markantesten Gipfeln der «Weißen Kordillere» und stellt an den Bergsteiger höchste Anforderungen. Links davon der Cashan 5716 m. – 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Das auffallendste Gewächs der feuchten Puna Perus und Boliviens ist die Puya Raimondii, eine Riesenbromeliacee. Die nur einmal blühende und dann absterbende Pflanze entwickelt einen bis acht Meter hohen Kolben spangrüner Blüten, die von Kolibris bestäubt werden. Die Aufnahme dieser heute selten gewordenen Pflanze entstand in 4200 Meter Höhe im Gebiet der Laguna de Pataccocha, Departement Ancash, Peru. Im Hintergund der Mururajo, 5688m - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Beim Pueblo Licapa im Departement Ayacucho, Peru, sitzt ein webender Indio in seinem Corral wie zur Inkazeit: den Kettbaum an die Umzäunung gebunden, den Brustbaum um die Taille befestigt. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die peruanische Puna ist ein Land der Ruhe und Einsamkeit. Hinter diesem Trupp weidender Lamas ragt der Vulkan Ubinas im Grenzbereich der Departemente Moquegua und Arequipa bis in 5672 Meter Höhe empor. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Ein Indiopaar kehrt mit seinen Lamas vom Markt von Sicuani im Departement Cuzco zurück. - 1972

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Das Dorf Acomayo (auf 3770m Höhe) im Departement Cuzco. Der Pueblo ist eine Wohn- und Produktionsgemeinschaft, die als ayllu bis auf die Vorinkazeit zurückgeht, obwohl die Spanier Lage und Zahl der heutigen Pueblos festlegten. Ein Drittel des gesamten Landbesitzes einer Dorfgemeinschaft ist im allgemeinen Gemeineigentum und wird auch gemeinsam bebaut, wobei allerdings die Mehrzahl der Inkanachfahren reine Subsistenzwirtschaft treibt. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Indios in der kleinen Kirche von Ollantaytambo im Urubambatal oberhalb Machu Picchu, Departement Cuzco. Unter den eifrig missionierenden Spaniern wurden die Indios sehr bald zum Katholizismus bekehrt, doch bei näherem Zusehen finden sich in allen Riten unter der europäischen Tünche noch die alten Bräuche und Gottheiten. So wird zum Beispiel Jakobus, der Schutzheilige der Spanier, am 25. Juli eifrig gefeiert, doch gleichzeitig ist dieser Tag das Fest des Berggottes Taita Wamani, und Pachamama, die Mutter Erde seit der Vorinkazeit, ist heute vielerorts identisch mit der Muttergottes. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Dieses Bild zeigt eine Messe für Pachamama, die um 4 Uhr morgens bei - 17 °C gefeiert wurde. Die Opfergaben bestehen aus Kokablättern, Salz, Branntwein, Chicha, Zigaretten und Lebensmitteln (Chuquibambilla, Departement Puno, Peru). 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Sonntagsmarkt in Chinchero, Departement Cuzco. Wie schon zur Inkazeit erkennt man noch heute die Stammes- oder Ortszugehörigkeit an den Hüten oder den Ponchomustern. So tragen zum Beispiel die Cuzqueños eine Art Doktorhut: der Hut aus Pisac ist sanft geschweift, und auch die Träger der steifen weißen Hüte mit farbigem Band kommen alle aus derselben Gegend. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Markt in Urcos, Departement Cuzco. Chichaverkäuferin - Maisbier (chicha) war wahrscheinlich schon bald nach der Kultivation des Maises bekannt. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Obsthändlerinnen am Bahnhof von Cuzco. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Sonntagsmarkt in Chinchero, Departement Cuzco. Das Gegenstück zum europäischen Würstchenstand - die Küche unter freiem Himmel. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Indiofrau mit ihrem Kind auf dem Rücken beim Kochen. Als Brennmaterial verwendet sie getrockneten Lama- oder Kuhmist, mit dem Blasrohr facht sie die Gluten an. Chuquibambilla - Departement Puno, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Ein typisches Gefäß der Inkakultur, ein sogenannter Aryballus des Typs A (Höhe 34 cm Mitte 13. Jahrhundert) des Küsten-Inka-Stils aus dem Icatal. Die Malereien variieren je nach Region. Museo Regional de lca, Peru - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Zentralfigur des Sonnentores von Tiahuanaco, Bolivien. Wie bei der Figur auf der Raimondi-Stele (Chavín-Kultur) ist der Kopf annähernd so groß wie der Körper. In beiden Händen hält der Sonnengott Zepter, die in Kondorköpfen auslaufen, sein Haar endet in Schlangen - und Jaguarköpfen. Tränen als Symbol der Fruchtbarkeit und des Regens laufen über sein Gesicht. Umgeben ist er von 148 geflügelten, ihm zugewandten Gestalten, die man als Sinnbild von Bewegung und Zeit deutete. Die Tiahuanaco-Kultur hat die Inka-Zivilisation am direktesten geprägt. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
In einer Weitung des tief eingekerbten Urubambatals, das Cuzco mit Machu Picchu verbindet, liegt das durch seinen Sonntagsmarkt berühmte Städtchen Pisac. An den Hängen oberhalb des Ortes ziehen sich seit der Inkazeit kunstvoll angelegte Feldbauterrassen, die andenes, empor, die selbst steilste Bergflanken in gigantische Treppen verwandelt haben, welche dem Anbau von Kartoffeln, Mais, Oca oder Quinoa dienten. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der lntihuatana, der «Rastplatz der Sonne» oder «Stein, an dem die Sonne angebunden wird», von Machu Picchu. Je nach dem Schatten, den dieser Stein warf, erkannten die Inkapriester die Jahreszeit und somit die Zeit für die Aussaat, eine bevorstehende Regenzeit usw. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Ein Kero, ein hölzerner Ritualbecher aus den Anfängen der Kolonialzeit (Höhe 19,5 cm). Die bunten Bilder in der Manier des Chronisten Huamán Poma de Ayala zeigen den Inka auf seinem goldenen Thron mit Keros in den Händen. Die graphischen Darstellungen des mittleren Ringes werden als tocapus oder eine Art Schriftzeichen interpretiert. Museo de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Detail eines Freskenzyklus in einer alten Mühle in Acomayo (Departement Cuzco) von Tadeo Escalanda (1807-1832), einem Mestizen, der sich auf Inka-Abstammung berief und der vor allem durch seine Fresken in der Kirche von Huaro (bei Urcos) bekannt wurde. Der Ausschnitt zeigt eine Inkaprinzessin, die nach dem Zeitgeschmack von einem Buckligen begleitet wird, der ihren Sonnenschirm trägt. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Jungfrau Maria (90x120cm). Das Gemälde dürfte um 1690 entstanden sein; es verrät eindeutig byzantinischen Einfluss, doch wird es der Schule von Cuzco zugeschrieben, die neben jener von Quito die wichtigste Ausbildungsstätte für Malerei, Skulptur und Kunsthandwerk in den Andenländern der Kolonialzeit war. Museo Histórico Regional de Cuzco (Leihgabe Vega-Centeno), Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Portal im Dorf Juli am Südwestufer des Titicacasees, das während der Kolonialzeit ein religiöses Zentrum war. Daran erinnert eine ganze Reihe von Kirchen, deren reiche Innenausstattung von dem vergangenen Glanz zeugt. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
«Dem Befreier Perus, Don Simón Bolívar». Historienmalerei von Santiago Juarez, 1825. Museo Histórico Regional de Cuzco, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Ein Salasaca-lndio beim Weben eines breiten Gürtels, einer sogenannten faja. Zu den traditionellen Mustern gehören Vögel, Hirsche, Katzen und andere stilisierte Tiere. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Araukanerin mit dem charakteristischen Silber-Kopfschmuck beim Weben. Region von Temuco, Provinz Cautín, Chile. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Detail eines geschnitzten und brandgeschwärzten Kürbisses (Mate) aus der Gegend von Huancayo, Peru, mit der Darstellung eines Dorffestes. Je nach ihrer Form werden die Flaschenkürbisse halbiert als Schüsseln und Teller oder ganz als Flaschen verwendet. - Privatsammlung - 1977

Charangito player from Kenko in the department of Cuzco, Peru. Stringed instruments seem to have been unknown to the pre-Columbian civilizations. The original charango is a small guitar with a resonance box made from armadillo armour. The rather high-pitched sound is produced on five or six pairs of strings. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Ein Indio aus Tarabuco im bolivianischen Departement Chuquisaca. Seine Kappe erinnert an die Form der spanischen Helme zur Zeit der Conquista. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Bolivianisches Straßenbild: Ein Knabe im Dörfchen Tiahuanaco, unweit des gleichnamigen gewaltigen Ruinenkomplexes aus der Vorinkazeit macht seine Schularbeiten auf der Steintreppe vor dem Haus. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Mit einer Meereshöhe zwischen 3630 und 3770 Metern ist La Paz die höchste Hauptstadt der Welt. Sie liegt in einem Kessel am Rande des Altiplano, der die Stadt vor den Winden der Hochebene abschirmt; die besseren Viertel liegen denn auch möglichst tief im Tal. Ursprünglich eine Aimara-Siedlung, wurde der Ort von den Inka ausgebaut und 1535 von den Spaniern eingenommen. In La Paz leben mit 800 000 Einwohnern etwa 14 Prozent der Landesbevölkerung, und im Großraum der Hauptstadt konzentrieren sich 60 Prozent der Industrieproduktion Boliviens. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Fiesta del Gran Poder, das Fest der Göttlichen Kraft, in La Paz ist wohl eine der größten und farbenprächtigsten religiösen Feiern Boliviens. Das Bild zeigt den charakteristischen Diablada - Tänzer, der Teufel, der das Böse verkörpern und während des ganzen, Stunden dauernden Umzugs wie besessen gegen das Gute antanzt, aber schließlich doch von der Göttlichen Kraft besiegt wird. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Fiesta del Gran Poder, das Fest der Göttlichen Kraft, in La Paz ist wohl eine der größten und farbenprächtigsten religiösen Feiern Boliviens. Die Tänzerinnen sind möglicherweise vom nordamerikanischen Vorbild der Majoretten inspiriert. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Fiesta del Gran Poder, das Fest der Göttlichen Kraft, in La Paz ist wohl eine der größten und farbenprächtigsten religiösen Feiern Boliviens. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Stamm der Chipayas im bolivianischen Departement Oruro, der nur noch knapp tausend Seelen zählt, bewohnt eine besonders unwirtliche Gegend des andinen Hochplateaus am Río Lauca, der in einen Salzsee fließt. Als einzige Hochlandindios bestreiten die Chipayas einen Teil ihres Nahrungserwerbs durch Jagd, da Ackerbau und Viehzucht allein wegen des stark salzigen Bodens den Bedarf nicht zu decken vermögen. Gruppen von Jägern lauern jeweils in der Morgendämmerung am Seeufer auf Flamingos, Enten und Andengänse, die sie mit Bolas, an langen Riemen befestigten Wurfkugeln, erbeuten. Das Wort Chipaya stammt aus dem Aimara und bedeutet «mit Schilfschnüren verflochtene Schilf- oder Strohmatte». Als Schutz gegen den starken Wind des Altiplano müssen nämlich die Chipayas seit alters her die Strohlagen ihrer Dächer mit Schnüren herunterbinden. Dass die Chipayas, wie sie glauben, die direkten Nachfahren vorinkaischer Bevölkerungen sind, wird durch Mumienfunde in Totentürmen jener Zeit untermauert, die neben andern Ähnlichkeiten die gleiche Haartracht zeigen, auf die die Frauen Stunden und Stunden verwenden. Das Bild zeigt einen typischen vorkolonialen Webstuhl. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Stamm der Chipayas im bolivianischen Departement Oruro, der nur noch knapp tausend Seelen zählt, bewohnt eine besonders unwirtliche Gegend des andinen Hochplateaus am Río Lauca, der in einen Salzsee fließt. Als einzige Hochlandindios bestreiten die Chipayas einen Teil ihres Nahrungserwerbs durch Jagd, da Ackerbau und Viehzucht allein wegen des stark salzigen Bodens den Bedarf nicht zu decken vermögen. Gruppen von Jägern lauern jeweils in der Morgendämmerung am Seeufer auf Flamingos, Enten und Andengänse, die sie mit Bolas, an langen Riemen befestigten Wurfkugeln, erbeuten. Das Wort Chipaya stammt aus dem Aimara und bedeutet «mit Schilfschnüren verflochtene Schilf- oder Strohmatte». Als Schutz gegen den starken Wind des Altiplano müssen nämlich die Chipayas seit alters her die Strohlagen ihrer Dächer mit Schnüren herunterbinden. Dass die Chipayas, wie sie glauben, die direkten Nachfahren vorinkaischer Bevölkerungen sind, wird durch Mumienfunde in Totentürmen jener Zeit untermauert, die neben andern Ähnlichkeiten die gleiche Haartracht zeigen, auf die die Frauen Stunden und Stunden verwenden. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Von der argentinischen Stadt Salta führt ein alter Saumweg, heute eine schlechte Autopiste, über den Pass von Huaitiquina nach San Pedro de Atacama in Chile. Früher trieb man Viehherden über diesen Pass, um die chilenische Hafenstadt Antofagasta mit argentinischem Fleisch zu versorgen. Wenn der gefürchtete Viento Blanco – der «weisse Wind» - weht, überzieht sich die in 5000 Meter gelegene Hochfläche innerhalb weniger Stunden mit einer meterhohen Schneedecke, und nicht selten kamen in solchen «Blizzards» Mensch und Tiere um. Davon zeugen die in der Sonne gebleichten Rinderskelette in dieser trostlosen Einöde mit ihren Salzseen, überragt vom hohen Kegel des Vulkans Lascar. - 1975

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Überreste eines gewaltigen eiszeitlichen Süßwassersees, des Lago Minchin, sind die beiden großen Salzpfannen des bolivianischen Altiplano, die Salare von Coipasa und Uyuni (Bild). Infolge der Niederschlagsarmut fehlende Zuflüsse und große Lufttrockenheit haben die einstigen Süßwasserseen zu flachen Lagunen und Salzpfannen eingedampft, deren Ufer von Kochsalzlagern gesäumt sind. In Blöcke geschnitten, wird das blütenweiße und als besonders rein geltende Salz mit Lastwagen in die Verbrauchsgebiete transportiert. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Überreste eines gewaltigen eiszeitlichen Süßwassersees, des Lago Minchin, sind die beiden großen Salzpfannen des bolivianischen Altiplano, die Salare von Coipasa (Bild) und Uyuni. Infolge der Niederschlagsarmut fehlende Zuflüsse und große Lufttrockenheit haben die einstigen Süßwasserseen zu flachen Lagunen und Salzpfannen eingedampft, deren Ufer von Kochsalzlagern gesäumt sind. In Blöcke geschnitten, wird das blütenweiße und als besonders rein geltende Salz mit Lastwagen in die Verbrauchsgebiete transportiert. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die chilenische Puna de Atacama zwischen San Pedro de Atacama und den Geysern von Tatio (vgl. Bild 162) ist ein einförmiges, aus rhyolithischer Lava aufgebautes Hochplateau. Die große Nachtkälte überzieht die kleinen Bäche der Puna mit einer dünnen Eisschicht, die am frühen Morgen, zur Zeit der Aufnahme, noch nicht geschmolzen ist. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Puna de Atacama ist als Hochgebirgs- und Kältewüste eines der menschenfeindlichsten Gebiete der Erde. Nackter Fels und Sand, Lavaströme und Vulkane bestimmen das Bild dieser abweisenden, doch eindrücklichen Landschaft. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Ergüsse der Rhyolithlaven in der chilenischen Puna de Atacama sind an große, in nordsüdlicher Richtung streichende tektonische Störungslinien gebunden. Dass magmatischer Glutfluss in geringer Tiefe ansteht, beweisen die Geyser von Tatio, deren heißer Wasserdampf in der kalten Höhenluft kondensiert. Es ist versickertes Niederschlagswasser, das sich in der Tiefe aufheizt und durch den entstehenden Druck kontinuierlich oder in bestimmten Abständen wieder ausgeschleudert wird. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Bergmann aus der Mine Caudalosa im Departement Huancavelica, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
La Oroya auf 3726 Meter Höhe im peruanischen Departement Junín ist ein bedeutender Eisenbahnknotenpunkt. Hier stehen die wichtigsten Erzaufbereitungsanlagen und Erzschmelzen. Diese Hütten sind umso wichtiger, als früher fast alle Bergbauprodukte in Form von Erzen verschifft und im Ausland veredelt wurden. – Im Jahr 2012 wurde der Betrieb der Verhüttungsanlagen eingestellt. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Kupferminen von Chuquicamata, auf 2800 Meter in der Puna de Atacama gelegen. Der Vorrat an Kupfererz in diesem weltgrößten Tagebau-Kupferbergwerk wird auf rund eine Milliarde Tonnen geschätzt. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der «Cerro Rico», der «reiche Berg» von Potosí in Bolivien. Potosí hat mit seinen Silberminen den Reichtum des kolonialen Vizekönigreichs Peru ermöglicht. Im Wappen der Stadt, mit deren wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung es Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts zu Ende ging, stand der stolze Wahlspruch: «Ich bin das reiche Potosí, Schatzkammer der Welt, König der Berge, den Königen diene ich zur Weide.» - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Chilean Exploration Company, eine Tochtergesellschaft der Anaconda Copper Mining Company, betrieb seit 1905 die Kupferminen in Chuquicamata. Zusammen mit der Braden Copper Company und der Anden Copper Mining kontrollierten diese drei nordamerikanischen Gesellschaften 95 Prozent des Kupferabbaus. Da Kupfer der wichtigste Devisenbringer des Landes war, wurde die Nationalisierung der Kupferbergwerke eine der wichtigsten politischen Aufgaben. 1971 verstaatlichte Salvador Allende das Kupfer, eine Maßnahme, die auch die Militärjunta nach ihrem Putsch nicht mehr rückgängig machen konnte. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Drei Prospektoren in der bolivianischen Cordillera Real auf 4640 Meter Höhe. Diese drei Schatzsucher beuten zusammen leicht zugängliche Vorkommen von Wolfram, Zinn und Gold aus; ihre Arbeitsweise nennen sie makipura. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Kartoffelernte in der Nähe des Dorfes Jerónimo im Departement Apurímac, Peru. Das gemeinsame Bebauen der Felder geht auf die Vorinkazeit zurück, so dass von da her gute Voraussetzungen für landwirtschaftliche Kollektivbetriebe und Kooperativen bestehen. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
In langen Serpentinen, meist ohne Kunstbauten, zieht sich diese Andenstraße im Departement Tarija in Bolivien den Hängen entlang. - Esquina Grande - 1976

Around the capital of Peru, Lima, the pueblos jóvenes, the new neighbourhoods, which are also called barriadas and are pure slums, are emerging. Given the poor social situation and stagnating agriculture in the Andean valleys, the big city is the main destination for a huge rural exodus. - Barriada on the hillside of Cerro San Cristóbal - Peru - Lima - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Araukanerfrau mit dem charakteristischen Silberschmuck aus der Region Temuco, Provinz Cautín, Chile. Nach der Eroberung der chilenischen Gebiete durch Pedro de Valdivia um 1550 hatten sich die kriegerischen Araukaner an die Spitze aller Aufstände gegen die Fremdherrschaft gestellt, und unter ihrem Führer Lautaro marschierten die indianischen Heere nach der Befreiung der südlichen Gebiete sogar auf die Hauptstadt. Der Angriff wurde abgeschlagen, doch das araukanische Kerngebiet blieb bis gegen 1800 de facto unabhängig. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Hohe Vulkankegel sind dem Westrand der chilenischen Südanden aufgesetzt oder erheben sich im Innern der Kordillere. Der noch rauchende Villarrica (2840 m), einer der höchsten dieser Kette, ist inmitten der dunklen Nadelwälder von imponierender Gestalt. - 1975

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der in seiner Größe (529 km²) mit dem Bodensee vergleichbare Lago Nahuel Huapi (araukanisch für «See der Tigerinsel» ist ein gewaltiges eiszeitliches Stammbecken, in dem sich mehrere Gletscherströme vereinigten. Darauf beruht seine vielfältige Verzweigung in fjordartige Arme. Man nennt ihn den «Vierwaldstätter See» Argentiniens, die ihn umgebende Bergwelt mit dem Skiparadies am Cerro Catedral (2388 m) die «argentinische Schweiz». - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Blick vom 1314 Meter hohen Paso Puyehue an der argentinisch-chilenischen Grenze auf den isoliert aufragenden Gipfel des Pico Pantojo, 2024 m. - 1975

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Neben den verschiedenen Südbuchenarten (Nothofagus) haben die mächtigen Baumgestalten der Araukarien (Araucaria imbricata) am Bestand der Südkordillerenwälder einen bedeutenden Anteil. Die fetthaltigen Samen dieser Koniferen bildeten einst eine wesentliche Lebensgrundlage der Sammelwirtschaft treibenden Pehuénche. Ihr Name bedeutet «Leute der Araukarienwälder» (pehuén = die Araukarie). - 1975

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Über den klaren Wasserspiegel des Lago Llanquihue in der «Chilenischen Schweiz» erhebt sich der 2661 Meter hohe Vulkankegel des Osorno. In Form und Lage erinnert dieser schönste Andenvulkan an den Fudschiyama. Vorzeitliche Lavaströme haben den Lago Llanquihue vom Lago Todos los Santos getrennt, der wegen seiner smaragdgrünen Farbe auch Lago Esmeralda genannt wird. - 1975

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Monte Fitz Roy (3375 m) erhielt seinen Namen zu Ehren des Kapitäns der Beagle. Unter dessen Führung 1834 nach einer sechzehntägigen Bootsfahrt auf dem Río Santa Cruz, an der auch Charles Darwin teilnahm, dieser Gipfel erstmalig gesichtet wurde. Etwa 1600 Meter über die allgemeine Gipfelflur seiner Umgebung aufragend, gleicht er einem Bündel von Pfeilern und Nadeln, deren senkrechte Wände tausend Meter tiefe Klüfte trennen. Mit Recht bezeichnet man den Fitz Roy als den schönsten Andengipfel überhaupt. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Als östliche Zunge des großen patagonischen Eisfeldes zieht sich der 17 Kilometer lange Moreno-Gletscher zum Südarm des Lago Argentino herab, in dem er mit einer 70 Meter hohen Eiswand endet. Sein wissenschaftlicher Entdecker, R. Hauthal, hatte ihn 1899 «Bismarck-Gletscher» genannt, seinen heutigen Namen erhielt er zu Ehren des argentinischen Naturforschers F. P. Moreno. Schon zu Hauthals Zeiten waren klare Anzeichen unregelmässiger Vorstösse zu erkennen, während sich die anderen Südandengletscher bereits im Rückzug befanden. Seitdem ist es mehrmals zu einer völligen Blockade des Canal de los Témpanos, zum Aufstau im südlichen Seeteil und zu katastrophalen Überschwemmungen gekommen, so dass man - vergeblich - versuchte, die Eismauer mit Bombenwürfen zu sprengen. Erst nach Entstehung einer Querspalte in der 2 bis 2,5 Kilometer breiten Gletscherzunge liefen die Wassermassen ab. Heute ist der «Kanal der Eisberge» wieder offen. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Das Gebiet um die großartigen Massive, Zinnen und Türme der Cordillera del Paine ist seit einiger Zeit unter Naturschutz gestellt. Die kleinen Gebirgsseen im chilenischen Parque Nacional Torres del Paine, wie der Lago Nordenskjöld, verdanken der Schürfleistung eiszeitlicher Gletscher ihre Entstehung. - 1975

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die an einer windgeschützten Bucht des nördlichen Ufers des Beagle-Kanals gelegene Stadt Ushuaia ging 1868 aus einer protestantischen Missionsstation hervor. 1884, als sie knapp 150 Einnwohner zählte, wurde sie Hauptstadt des argentinischen Territoriums Feuerland, zwei Jahre später Sträflingskolonie. Die Gefangenen wurden in der Forstwirtschaft eingesetzt, und die Holzverschiffung bildete lange Zeit die wirtschaftliche Grundlage der Siedlung. Seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ist Ushuaia, das jetzt rund 4000 Einwohner zählt, Stützpunkt für die argentinischen Antarktis Unternehmungen. Ein- und zweistöckige Holzhäuser kennzeichnen den Ort noch immer als eine unfertige Pioniersiedlung. Den Titel der «südlichsten Stadt der Welt» mußte Ushuaia 1953 an den chilenischen Militärstützpunkt Puerto Williams auf der Insel Navarino abtreten. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Parque Nacional de Tierra del Fuego ist der südlichste Nationalpark der Erde. Den in völliger Einsamkeit gelegenen Seen, wie dem Lago Roca, an dessen Ufern die winterlichen Stürme ausgebleichtes Treibholz zusammengeschwemmt haben, fehlt zwar der großartige Gebirgsrahmen der Südandenseen, mit ihren Wäldern und Strauchheiden repräsentieren sie aber ein Stück ursprünglicher feuerländischer Naturlandschaft. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Parque Nacional de Tierra del Fuego ist der südlichste Nationalpark der Erde. An den Ufern der Seen haben die winterlichen Stürme ausgebleichtes Treibholz zusammengeschwemmt. Die weichen Hänge der sie überragenden Kuppen, wie hier die Montaña EI Cóndor am Lago Roca, mit ihren Wäldern und Strauchheiden repräsentieren ein Stück ursprünglicher feuerländischer Naturlandschaft, die in anderen Teilen dieses südlichsten Gebietes Argentiniens von den Schafzüchtern bereits weitgehend verändert worden ist. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der in 3812 Meter Höhe gelegene Titicacasee, durch den die Grenze zwischen Peru und Bolivien verläuft, hat die fünfzehnfache Größe des Bodensees. Er erfüllt eine tektonisch angelegte Hochlandsenke, ist durch Halbinseln in mehrere Teilbecken gegliedert und von Inseln durchsetzt (Amantani, Mondinsel, Sonneninsel u. a.). An seinen Ufern gedeihen zwei Binsenarten, aus denen die Indios ihre Boote, aber auch schwimmende Behausungen bauen. 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Auch ein Andenbild! Im Bereich der Tierra templada, der von 1000 bis 2000 Meter reichenden klimatischen Höhenstufe der Nordanden, geht der Regenwald des Tieflandes in den tropischen Bergwald über. Bambusdickichte, Baumfarne und ein üppiger Unterwuchs von Blattgewächsen machen ihn ohne Buschmesser undurchdringlich. Dazu kommt der reiche Besatz aller Bäume mit Schmarotzerpflanzen und Orchideen. Die in zahlreichen Spezies auftretende Cattleya gilt als eine der schönsten. Die Aufnahme entstand in der Nähe von San Agustín, wo um die Zeitenwende eine reiche Kultur blühte. - 1972

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Das ganze Leben der Kogi ist bestimmt von Fruchtbarkeitsriten und der strengen Trennung der männlichen und weiblichen Prinzipien. Dieses Bild zeigt einen Kogi-Mann mit dem poporo, einem mit pulverisierten Muschelschalen gefüllten Kürbis. Der Kürbis gilt als weiblich, und der Stock, mit dem das Kalkpulver «herausgefischt» wird, als männlich. Über Jahre hinweg vollzieht der Kogi symbolisch die Befruchtung, indem er dem Kürbis mit dem Stock Pulver entnimmt und es auf der Schale reibt, die mit der Zeit eine dicke Kalkschicht ansetzt. Goldfiguren mit ähnlichen Kürbiskalebassen, deren Kalk zusammen mit Kokablättern gekaut wurde, sind aus der Quimbaya-Kultur des mittleren Caucatals (11.-15. Jahrhundert) erhalten geblieben. - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Eine junge Kogi-Mutter mit ihrem Schmuck. 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Marktszene vom Sonntagsmarkt in Riobamba, Provinz Chimborazo in Ecuador. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Saraguro in der Provinz Loja, Ecuador. Ein besonders schöner Brauch der Saraguros sind die Blumenopfer: Alljährlich werden in der weihnächtlichen Mitternachtsmesse die muñidoras bestimmt. Diese Frauen sind dann übers Jahr für die Blumenopfer verantwortlich. Aus Gartenblumen fertigen sie kleine Arrangements, in denen winzige Figürchen, Kreuze und Sterne versteckt sind, und legen diese jeden Sonntagmorgen in den verschiedenen Kirchen nieder. Ledige stecken die Blumen in bestimmten runden Formen, nur alte Frauen oder Witwen dürfen zweigförmige Gebilde anfertigen. 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Diese Statue dürfte einen Sonnengott mit zwei mazas (Zeremonienstäben) in den Händen und dem Symbol des Lebensbaumes im Stirnband darstellen. Die verschiedenen Stile belegen, dass San Agustín über Jahrhunderte als Kultstätte diente. Luis Duque Gomez, der seit 25 Jahren den «Parque» betreut, unterscheidet drei Phasen. Ein Rätsel bleibt, weshalb diese Kultur nicht wie andere in Südamerika auf ihre weitere Umgebung ausgestrahlt hat. - 1972

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Eine «Ídolo de Frías» genannte, da im Frías-Stil gearbeitete goldene Figur, die jedoch der Vicús-Kultur an der nordperuanischen Küste zugeschrieben wird. Sie wurde aus sechzehnkarätigem Gold getrieben und gelötet (Höhe 15,5 cm, Gewicht 60 g). Museo Arqueológico Brüning, Lambayeque, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
«Der Kokakauer». Tonfigur (Höhe 32 cm) der Carchi-Kultur, Provinzen lmbabura und Carchi, Ecuador. Museo del Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Vase in Form einer Stillenden (Höhe 24.5 cm) der Carchi-Kultur, Ecuador. Museo del Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Griff eines Schnupftabakbrettchens der Atacameños (Fundort: Coyo oriental) aus geschnitztem schwarzem Holz mit Muschelapplikationen (Breite oben: 7 cm). Formal erinnert die Darstellung an die zentrale Figur des Sonnentores in Tiahuanaco (vgl. Bild 124). Museo San Pedro de Atacama. Chile. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
In dem auf 2960 Meter Höhe gelegenen Cajamarca lockte Francisco Pizarro den Inka Atahualpa in einen Hinterhalt und nahm ihn gefangen. Noch heute wird die «Camara de rescate» gezeigt, jenes Zimmer, das Atahualpa mit Gold anfüllen ließ. Das Lösegeld rettete ihn jedoch nicht vor dem gewaltsamen Tod. Cajamarca hat bis heute weitgehend seinen kolonialen Charakter bewahrt, und mit seinen 30‘000 Einwohnern ist es ein reger Marktflecken: Eine Marktfahrerin spinnt ihre Wolle im Gehen. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
In dem auf 2960 Meter Höhe gelegenen Cajamarca lockte Francisco Pizarro den Inka Atahualpa in einen Hinterhalt und nahm ihn gefangen. Noch heute wird die «Camara de rescate» gezeigt, jenes Zimmer, das Atahualpa mit Gold anfüllen ließ. Das Lösegeld rettete ihn jedoch nicht vor dem gewaltsamen Tod. Cajamarca hat bis heute weitgehend seinen kolonialen Charakter bewahrt, und mit seinen 30‘000 Einwohnern ist es ein reger Marktflecken: Die traditionellen Hüte Cajamarcas werden aus Toquilla-Stroh (Pflanzenfaser) hergestellt. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
In dem auf 2960 Meter Höhe gelegenen Cajamarca lockte Francisco Pizarro den Inka Atahualpa in einen Hinterhalt und nahm ihn gefangen. Noch heute wird die «Camara de rescate» gezeigt, jenes Zimmer, das Atahualpa mit Gold anfüllen ließ. Das Lösegeld rettete ihn jedoch nicht vor dem gewaltsamen Tod. Cajamarca hat bis heute weitgehend seinen kolonialen Charakter bewahrt, und mit seinen 30‘000 Einwohnern ist es ein reger Marktflecken: Eine Marktfahrerin trägt den neuen Hut über dem alten nach Hause. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die von der Westkordillere herabkommenden Flüsse queren auf ihrem Lauf zum Pazifischen Ozean die peruanische Küstenwüste. Rund vierzig Kastentäler mit breiten Böden und steilen Rändern sind in die sanft zum Meer abfallende Wüstentafel eingesenkt. Mit ihren von Baumreihen gesäumten Wein-, Luzerne und Gemüsefeldern bilden sie grüne Oasen in einer kahlen Umgebung. Die in jüngerer Zeit am Río Jequetepeque angelegten Reisfelder, auf denen Indios mit Ochsengespannen pflügen, erinnern an asiatische Vorbilder. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Hoch über dem 1970 von einer Eislawine verschütteten Städtchen Yungay öffnet sich in der Cordillera Blanca das Llanganuco-Hochtal mit einem durch einen Fels- und Moränenwall aufgestauten See. Nach außen- zum Callejón de Huaylas oder Santatal - geht es in ein gewaltiges Trogtal über. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der bolivianische Talisman, der die Kraft Pachamamas birgt, symbolisiert die Lebensalter und die Fruchtbarkeit: links ein bärtiger Alter, in der Mitte ein Zampoñaspieler und rechts eine Stillende (Höhe 7 cm, Sammlung Eva Bruggmann, Yverdon). - 1977

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Bergfestung Machu Picchu, Peru (vgl. auch Bild 80). Anfänglich glaubte man, dass die verschiedenen Arten von Mauerwerk, die sich sowohl in Cuzco wie Machu Picchu und anderen Inka-Bauten finden, aus unterschiedlichen Epochen stammten. Heute ist man der Ansicht, dass sowohl die aus ineinander verkanteten Megalithblöcken wie die aus glatten, gleich großen Steinen gefügten Mauern und die Mörtel-Feldstein - Technik von denselben Baumeistern aus der Zeit nach 1440 je nach Bestimmung verwendet wurden: die Megalith-Bauweise für Stützmauern, glatte, ebenmäßig gerundete Quader für Repräsentativbauten und Mörtel-Feldstein -Mauern - neben Adobeziegeln - für Zweckgebäude. In Machu Picchu deuten jedoch verschiedene Elemente, wie der ovale Torreón, darauf hin, dass hier noch in der Kolonialzeit weitergebaut wurde. Die Inkaarchitektur kennt sonst nur rechtwinklige oder trapezoide Formen, und auch vertikale Wölbungen fehlen völlig, was beispielsweise der Konstruktion von Toren gewisse Grenzen setzte. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Das Schiff der Kirche von Andahuaylillas, einem Städtchen mit rund 3900 Einwohnern in der Nähe von Cuzco. Die Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts auf Fundamenten eines Inkapalastes errichtete Kirche enthält viele koloniale Kostbarkeiten, weshalb sie in Peru - im Bestreben, mit dem Alten Kontinent zu wetteifern - oft als «Sixtinische Kapelle der Anden» bezeichnet wird. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Jungfrau von Guadeloupe (Öl auf Holz, 26 x 37 cm). Die Miniatur stammt von einem unbekannten Künstler des 17. Jahrhunderts und wird der Schule von Quito zugerechnet, die von ihrer Gründung im 16. Jahrhundert an das Kunstschaffen der Andenländer bestimmend beeinflusste. Viele ihrer 'Eleven' blieben allerdings anonym. Als bedeutendster Maler dieser Schule gilt Miguel de Santiago (1655-1706), er war wie der wichtigste Bildhauer Gaspicara (Narbengesicht), ein Indio. Museo del Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Jungfrau Maria (Öl auf Holz, 37 x 54,5 cm). Schule von Cajamarca. Sammlung Juan Reiser, Lima, Peru. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Eine Indiofrau in einem Binsenboot im bolivianischen Teil des Titicacasees. Da der See über weite Teile nur wenige Meter tief ist, benützen die Indios neben dem Binsensegel auch eine lange Stange zum Staken. Die verblüffende Ähnlichkeit dieser Binsenboote mit Darstellungen von Papyrusbooten in altägyptischen Gräbern, zusammen mit gewissen Übereinstimmungen der mittelamerikanischen Kulturen (zum Beispiel der Maya-Pyramiden) mit der Niltalkultur, gab Anlass zu den gewagtesten Hypothesen. So versuchte Thor Heyerdahl vor einigen Jahren mit einem Papyrusboot den Atlantik zu überqueren. Die Annahme, dass ähnliche Umweltbedingungen und die Eigengesetzlichkeit der vorhandenen Materialien zu analogen Lösungen führen müssen, ist dadurch allerdings noch nicht widerlegt. - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Die Fiesta del Gran Poder, das Fest der Göttlichen Kraft, in La Paz ist wohl eine der größten und farbenprächtigsten religiösen Feiern Boliviens. Das Bild zeigt den charakteristischen Diablada - Tänzer, der Teufel, der das Böse verkörpern und während des ganzen, Stunden dauernden Umzugs wie besessen gegen das Gute antanzt, aber schließlich doch von der Göttlichen Kraft besiegt wird. - 1976

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der peruanische Ort Cerro de Pasco auf 4350 Meter ist mit seinen heute 30 000 Einwohnern seit der Kolonialzeit ein wichtiger Bergbauort. Gold, Silber, Kupfer und Zink werden zum Teil in Minen abgebaut, die 5000 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel liegen. Die Kohle kommt jedoch aus dem tiefeingekerbten Canón von Goyallarisquisga, trotzdem das höchstgelegene Kohlenbergwerk der Erde. - 1969

Street photographer on the Plaza de Armas in Lima. Wherever the Spaniards founded a city, they also created an ‘armoury’ around which the most important public buildings were grouped. - Peru - Lima - 1969

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Der Aconcagua, der höchste Berg des amerikanischen Doppelkontinents, gehört trotz seiner 6958 Meter nicht zu den eindrucksvollsten Berggestalten Südamerikas. Er ist kein Vulkan, und damit fehlen ihm deren elegante Hangschwünge. Hohe Lufttrockenheit und Windwirkung verhindern die Entstehung einer Eiskappe auf dem Gipfel, doch ziehen aus fünf Karnischen kleine Hanggletscher herab. Der im argentinisch-chilenischen Grenzgebiet der Hochkordillere gelegene Berg wurde 1897 erstmalig durch den Schweizer M. Zurbriggen bestiegen. - 1975

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Als östliche Zunge des großen patagonischen Eisfeldes zieht sich der 17 Kilometer lange Moreno-Gletscher zum Südarm des Lago Argentino herab, in dem er mit einer 70 Meter hohen Eiswand endet. Sein wissenschaftlicher Entdecker, R. Hauthal, hatte ihn 1899 «Bismarck-Gletscher» genannt, seinen heutigen Namen erhielt er zu Ehren des argentinischen Naturforschers F. P. Moreno. Schon zu Hauthals Zeiten waren klare Anzeichen unregelmässiger Vorstösse zu erkennen, während sich die anderen Südandengletscher bereits im Rückzug befanden. Seitdem ist es mehrmals zu einer völligen Blockade des Canal de los Témpanos, zum Aufstau im südlichen Seeteil und zu katastrophalen Überschwemmungen gekommen, so dass man - vergeblich - versuchte, die Eismauer mit Bombenwürfen zu sprengen. Erst nach Entstehung einer Querspalte in der 2 bis 2,5 Kilometer breiten Gletscherzunge liefen die Wassermassen ab. Heute ist der «Kanal der Eisberge» wieder offen. - 1973

The legends are only available in German or Spanish
Das Gebiet um die großartigen Massive, Zinnen und Türme der Cordillera del Paine (vgl. Bild 5) ist seit einiger Zeit unter Naturschutz gestellt. Der Nationalpark ist eine der letzten Zufluchtsstätten noch wild lebender Guanakos. 1975

The classic general view of the ruins of Machu Picchu. In the middle distance the dominant Huayna Picchu. - 1969

The classic general view of the ruins of Machu Picchu from a different angle. In the middle the dominant Huayna Picchu. - 1969

Machu Picchu - Sacred Square - Main Temple and Temple of the three windows - the staircase leads to the Intihuatana - 1969

Machu Picchu - view through one of the windows of the temple of the three windows - 1969

Between Cuzco and Abancay, at an altitude of 3,500 meters, emerges a fascinating monolith! Carved in a lava dome more than 2 meters high, between “temples”, lagoons-receptacles and canals, stand out some two hundred allegorical figures: lying dead, pumas, snakes, vicuñas, monkeys, lizards, toads and scorpions. Perhaps Sayhuite's stone “model” was linked to spells and rites of pluviomagic ... - 1969

At 3500 meters above sea level, the cyclopean fortress of Sacsayhuamán dominates the city of Cuzco. With its three monolithic ramparts in the shape of saw teeth, this “Maginot Line” of the Incas “overshadows the pyramids on the Nile ...” (Tirso de Molina, 1583-1648). Some of these blocks of this giant puzzle, set like gemstones by unknown and great jewelers, are 9 meters high, 4 meters thick and weigh more than 350 tons! - 1969

The twelve-angled stone is a stone block that is part of a palace located on Hatun Rumiyoq street, in the city of Cuzco. Today, the stone is part of a wall of the palace of the Archbishop of Cuzco, which was previously the residence of Inca Roca, the sixth sovereign of the kingdom of Cuzco. - 1969

In the gentle "Eden" of the sacred tropical Valley of the Incas, at an altitude of 3,100 meters, the vast archaeological complex of Pisac, one of the imperial "capitals", extends. About thirty residences in a refined style surround the elliptical Intihuatana, dedicated to the sun cult. - 1969

This wall of a palace in Ollantaytambo in the Sacred Valley is amazing. Undoubtedly, the spikes that emerge from this incredible “set of cubes” served to lift and place huge monoliths with perfectly joined angles. - 1969

People from the province of Paruro participate in a folk festival in Cuzco - Young boy with a hat made of dried agave leaves. - 1969

Pentecost Festival in Ollantaytambo, Cuzco - Young Indian woman in typical costume. - 1969

You do not need a bus to go to the market. This truck in Calca in the Urubamba Valley will be filled with Indians to the last place, including their merchandise, of course. - 1969

An Indian in typical dress drinking her chicha - Cambapata market - Cuzco - 1969

Folklore festival in Cuzco - a musician from Taquile Island on Lake Titicaca playing the Zampoña. - 1969

Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun) - competition for folk groups in the stadium of Cuzco. - 1976

The colonial church of Tiobamba in the department of Cusco. In the background the Nevado Chicón, 5530m, from the Cordillera Urubamba. - 1969

Cuzco, the sacred "navel" of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire, is today the archaeological capital of South America: Inca, colonial and republican at the same time. In front of the Plaza de Armas, the ancient ceremonial Huacaypata, rises the Cathedral of Cuzco. - 1969

Cuzco, the sacred "navel" of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire, is today the archaeological capital of South America: Inca, colonial and republican at the same time. In front of the Plaza de Armas, the old ceremonial Huacaypata, stands the baroque church of La Compañía de Jesús where the Amarucancha de Huayna Capac once stood. - 1969

The Corpus Cristi festival, brought by the Spanish, acquires a special splendor every year in Cuzco. During the ceremony, the statues of twelve saints are shouldered around the Plaza de Armas. – 1969

What could be more picturesque than a reed raft floating on Titicaca? For millennia, the Aymara people of the paradisiacal "Mediterranean" of the Andes have been fishing in their elegant reed boats in the sacred lake. The boats are made “by hand” by bundling the reeds with ichu strings. - 1969

A woman of the "Uros" who lives on the floating islands on Lake Titicaca. She still grinds the wheat as it did hundreds of years ago. - 1969

A cross on the wayside between Abancay and Cuzco. - 1969

The village of Juli on the southwest bank of Lake Titicaca was a religious center during the colonial period. This is reminiscent of a number of churches, the rich interior of which testifies to the past glory. Here the Santa Cruz church, on whose esplanade the students play a game of Fulbito. - 1969

The village of Juli on the southwest bank of Lake Titicaca was a religious center during the colonial period. This is reminiscent of a number of churches, the rich interior of which testifies to the past glory. Here is an imposing portal in front of the Santa Cruz Church, over whose esplanade two boys lead their pigs. - 1969

Entrance to the Church of l’Asunción in the village of Juli on the southwest bank of Lake Titicaca, which was a religious center during the colonial period. - 1969

The church of Andahuaylillas, a town of about 3,900 inhabitants near Cuzco. It contains many colonial treasures, which is why it is often called in Peru the "Sistine Chapel of the Andes" in an effort to compete with the Old Continent. - 1969

Stop at the Chilca railway station near Huancayo in the department of Junín. - 1969

One of the most attractive forms of Peruvian crafts is the decoration of dried gourds. The artist from the «Centro Artesanal de Huancayo» uses a sharp piece to draw scenes from everyday life. - 1969

Wheat fields near Andahuaylas in the Apurímac department. - 1969

In autumn, the predominant color of the cultivated fields in the Sierra is brown. Near Huancayo, Junín Department. - 1969

Corn on the cob hangs to dry on the wall of the house. Acomayo in the Huánuco region in central Peru. - 1969

The Morococha mine produces silver, zinc, copper and lead. It is located at 4,540 m in the central Andes, near the Ticlio Pass, which connects Lima with the eastern parts of the country. - 1969

The "Callejón de Huaylas" with the Cordillera Blanca is also called "Peruvian Switzerland". On the left the Huascarán 6780 m, on the right the Nevado Copa, 6188 m. - 1969

A weaver with her spindle makes yarn from sheep's wool. Mancos in the Callejón de Huaylas, Department of Ancash. - 1969

A weaver with her spindle makes yarn from sheep's wool. Cajamarca Region in North Peru. - 1969

Cajamarca women wash their clothes in a small river near Baños del lnca. - 1969

"Las Ventanillas de Otuzco" is an archaeological site in the district of Baños del Inca, 8 km northwest of the city of Cajamarca. The individual windows are tombs from the pre-Inca period. - 1976

The Panamericana crosses many desert stretches of the peruvian coast. In places it is blown with sand by the strong winds, as here near San Pedro de Lloc in the province of Pacasmayo in the department of La Libertad. - 1969

On the Panamericana, between Arequipa and Ica, the gate on the back wall of a truck has opened and a load of oranges has been poured onto the road. - 1969

In the valley of the Río Jequetepeque, on the way to Cajamarca, the terraces are being prepared for the planting of rice. – 1976

Huanchaco is the beach of Trujillo in the department of La Libertad. As hundreds of years ago, fishermen still go out to sea with their balsa boats. - 1972

The Laguna de Huacachina is located in an oasis a few kilometers west of the city of Ica. Because of the increased water consumption due to tourism, the lake fell dry in 1988. As a result, pipelines were laid to supply additional water from Ica. - 1969

A worker picks the cotton on a plantation of the Hacienda Miraflores near Humay in the coastal valley of Pisco, Ica department. - 1969

A wooden grave plaque at the cemetery of Sechura in the department of Piura, northern Peru. - 1969

In the middle of the desert, one finds the cemetery of Sechura in the department of Piura, northern Peru. - 1969

At the Plaza de Armas in Lima, a popular meeting place for tourists and locals alike, a shoe polisher sits on a small stool. He takes the opportunity to run his small business and polish people's shoes. - Peru - Lima - 1969

These women sell their fish at a market in the Rimac neighbourhood of Lima. The pelicans are waiting to get their hands on a bite. - Peru - Lima - 1969

Jirón de la Unión, on the west side of the Plaza de Armas in Lima. On the right the building of the ‘Club de la Unión’. - Peru - Lima - 1969

In the city centre of Lima, Avenida Nicolás de Piérola, from ‘Plaza Dos de Mayo’ towards ‘Plaza San Martín’ (Hasselblad with telephoto lens 500) - Peru - Lima - 1969

The Jirón de la Unión is a street in the Damero de Pizarro in the historic centre of Lima, capital of Peru. For many years it was the most important street in the city, characterised for being the most ‘aristocratic’ and where the most famous inhabitants of the city gathered. Later, with the deterioration of the historic centre of Lima, the Jirón de la Unión lost its aristocratic character to assume a totally commercial one after the recovery of the sector. Since 2005, with the revaluation plan for the historic centre of Lima, it has once again become one of the most commercial thoroughfares in the centre of Lima. In 2013, it was voted the sixth most expensive street in Latin America by Colliers International. - Peru - Lima - 1969

A street vendor rides his tricycle on the beach promenade of Ancón, a seaside resort on the northern outskirts of Lima. - Peru - Lima - 1969

The city of Callao was founded in 1537 by Francisco Pizarro on Callao Bay and quickly became the most important harbour for Spanish trade on the Pacific. Even today, the port of Callao handles 75% of Peru's total imports and exports, making it one of the most important fishing and trading ports in South America. - Northern partial view of the harbour of Callao near Lima. - Peru - Lima - 1969

An ice cream vendor in Iquitos, on the edge of the Amazon River, preparing a "raspadillo". - 1969

A weaverbird’s nest on the roadside on the way to Pucallpa in the Amazon rainforest. - 1969

Evening atmosphere in the Amazon rainforest - at Pucallpa on the Río Ucayali. - 1969

Sunrise over the Río Ucayali in the Amazon jungle near Pucallpa. - 1969

A Shipibo woman from the village of San Francisco near Pucallpa wears a typical clay pot painted with geometric patterns. - 1969

A little Shipibo girl from Paococha on the Río Ucayali admires her mascot, a blue bird. - 1969

A Shipibo woman from the village of San Francisco near Pucallpa. - 1969

An old Shipibo woman spinning her wool into yarn - Paococha on the Río Ucayali. - 1969

A Yagua Indian girl in Yanamono near Iquitos in the Amazon rainforest. - 1969

The blowgun is the preferred weapon of the Yagua. They use it mainly to hunt birds and small mammals. Yanamono on the banks of the Río Napo near Iquitos – 1969

In the Belén district of Iquitos, two boys are playing with their marbles. - 1969

In the Belén district of Iquitos, families with many children are not rare. - 1969

At the bridge over the Río Aguaytía, a tributary of the Ucayali River, halfway between the cities of Tingo María and Pucallpa, the bananas are transferred from the boats to the trucks. - 1969

Ceramic Inca Costeño - water carrier with monkeys - height 18 cm - original from the Nazca Valley, around 1370 - the container on the left is a potato - Museo Regional de Ica - 1969

Huaco Inca on the north coast - with a dead man - Anthropological Museum - Lima - 1969

Double vase with monkeys - height 16 cm - Inca Norteño - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Double jug with monkeys - Inca costeño - height 17 cm - around 1370 - Museo Regional Ica - 1976

Double jug with bird - Inca - Colonia (transition) - excavation in Tacaraca, Ica - 15th century - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Jug or barrel, width 18 cm - excavation in Tacaraca, Ica - around 1370 - Museo Regional Ica - 1976

Vessel with 2 sun virgins and the Qantú flower - height 11 cm - in Quechua it is called Aisana - Museo Arqueológico Cuzco - 1976

Unique vases, height 34 cm, with sun virgins, stylized puma head and the Qantú (Cantuta = national flower) - found in Limaqpampa, Cuzco - Museo Arqueológico Cuzco - 1976

Inca Lambayeque ceramics – man, 23 cm high - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Inca norteño - cat with open mouth - height 19.5 cm - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Inca Norteño - Black ceramic - length 26 cm - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Ceramic container in the shape of a house - height 23.5 cm - on the bottom side with a puma head - Inca Culture - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Glossy black ceramic - Head - height 29 cm - Chimú-Inca - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Ceramic - Snake with decorations - length 39 cm - Inca norteño - Pacha type for water worship - Brüning Lambayeque Museum - 1976

Inca ceramic - height 13 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Inca vessel in the shape of a human head with stylized braids - height 17 cm - Cuzco area - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Black ceramic - Chicha charger - Chimú-Inca - Origin Lambayeque Region - Brüning Lambayeque Museum - 1976

Jar with head - Inca costeño - Nazca Valley - height 18 cm - around 1370 - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Huaco with truncheon (star to hunt) - Chimú-Inca - height 17 cm - Brüning Lambayeque Museum - 1976

Jar - Tallán to Inca transition - 1470 to 1532 - Late Chimú - height 25 cm - Brüning Lambayeque Museum - 1976

Inca ceremonial ax with feline and turquoise inlays - 24 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Inca silver pectoral - width 15 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Inca silver pectoral - width 16 cm, height 13 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Golden lama - Origin: Teteqaqa, near Cuzco - height 82 mm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Musicians - Inca Norteño - weight 3 g each, height 33 mm - silver, copper and gold alloy - 15th century - Brüning Lambayeque Museum - 1976

Silver vase with two heads - Inca Costeño - around 1370 - Pisco valley - height 20 cm - Regional Museum of Ica

Solid silver Inca idol (hunchback) - Cuzco region - height 6 cm - Museum 'Oro del Perú' Miguel Mujica Gallo - Lima - 1977

Inca idol from the top of the Pichu Pichu volcano (5500 m) - Height 14 cm - Museum of the National University of San Agustín, Arequipa - 1976

Silver Inca idol - Cuzco Region - height 10.5 cm - Museum 'Oro del Perú' Miguel Mujica Gallo - Lima - 1977

Solid silver Inca idol (hunchback) - Cuzco region - height 6 cm - Museum 'Oro del Perú' Miguel Mujica Gallo - Lima - 1977

Inca culture gold idol - height 24 cm - weight 550 g - found in a tomb at the foot of the Ausangate mountain - Museum and Institute of Archeology of the National University of Cuzco - 1976

Gold and silver idol - Inca culture - height 24 cm - the gold one weighs 550 g - found in a tomb of Hualla Hualla at the foot of the Ausangate mountain - Museum and Institute of Archeology of the National University of Cusco - 1976

Silver idol representing a woman - height 57 mm - from an Inca sanctuary at the top of the Pili volcano in Chile - 6050 m - Museo San Pedro de Atacama - 1976

Objects from a sanctuary inca at the top of the Pili volcano in Chile - 6050 m - above: bag of coca, feather duster, hair / below: cotton shirt, man carved in shell from the Caribbean Sea, poncho - Museo San Pedro de Atacama - 1976

Inca / Colonial - glass necklace - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Aríbalo - Imperial Inca - around 1470 - height 22 cm - National Museum of Archeology - La Paz - Bolivia - 1976

Aríbalo - Inca culture - around 1470 - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Aríbalo - Inca culture - height 90 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Aysana - height 18.5 cm, with Virgin of the Sun (width 4 cm) - ceramics from the Cuzco area - Museo Arqueológico Cuzco - 1976

Aríbalo - Inca costeño - Ica valley - around 1370 - height 34 cm - Ica Regional Museum - 1976

Aríbalo - with representation of a man - Nazca Valley - around 1370 - height 32 cm - Museo Regional Ica - 1976

Aríbalo, urpu in Quechua - Inca costeño - around 1370 - height 19 cm - Museo Regional Ica - 1976

Aríbalo - Inca / Chancay Culture - comes from the Lauri site - height 30 cm - Amano Museum, Lima - 1976

Aríbalo with tassels - Inca Norteño - height 19 cm - Museo Brüning Lambayeque - 1976

Inca ear ornament - Cuzco region - diameter 43 mm, thickness 2 cm - Museo de Oro del Peru, Lima - 1977

Three ulltis or conopas, carefully polished alpaca figures made of black basalt used as votive offerings to the Pachamama - heights: 8 cm, 9.5 cm, 10 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Ceremonial vessel for the cult of water - length 25 cm, hole 10 cm diameter - Museum and Institute of Archeology of the University of Cuzco - 1976

Macana Inca Costeño in stone and Huarango wood - silver inlays and feathers - length 58 cm - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Kero of polychrome ceramic - Inca - height 13 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Classic Kero No. 49 - with platinum repair - Museum of the National University of San Agustín Arequipa - 1976

Kero from the transition period Inca colonial - with Tocapus ornaments - Cuzco zone - height 22 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Kero Nro. 50 - Archaeological Museum Cuzco - 1976

Kero Inca - The houses represent granaries (Qolqas) - with drawings of plants for food (white corn, two varieties of chili pepper) - height 24 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Kero with Tocapus in the center and flowers in the lower part - Inca-Colonial Transition - height 19.5 cm - Museo Arqueológico Cuzco - 1976

Kero Nr. 55 (back) - Museum of the National University of San Agustín Arequipa - 1976

Kero Nr. 55 - Museum of the National University of San Agustín Arequipa - 1976

Kero 'Selva' of Inca-Colonial transition - Cuzco area - height 18.5 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Kero with Tocapus - Inca-Colonial Transition - Museum of the National University of San Agustín - Arequipa - 1976

Kero Inca with feline and condors - Cuzco area - height 25 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Kero Inca with stylized puma head - Cuzco region - height 19 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Wooden Kero number 52 - height 19.5 cm - Period of transition to colonial Inca - with Tocapus = Inca letters - Museum of the National University of San Agustín - Arequipa - 1976

Wooden Kero No. 53 - Period of transition to colonial Inca - Museum of the National University of San Agustín - Arequipa - 1976

Wooden Kero number 52 - height 19.5 cm - Period of transition to colonial Inca - with Tocapus = Inca letters - Museum of the National University of San Agustín - Arequipa - 1976

Quipus Inca - Detail of a Quipus 3m long by 30cm high - Nazca Valley - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Tassel - Inca period - length 30 cm - National University of San Agustín, Arequipa - 1976

Coca bag - Inca - height 66 cm - Museum of Anthropology, Lima - 1977

Ceremonial shirt from the Inca period (Coast) - 15th century - height 88cm and width 77.5 cm - squares 75x75 mm - Nazca valley - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Unku of the emperor with central Tocapus, detail (88 different figures) - Archaeological Museum Cuzco - 1976

Fabric with decorations of stylized people and lamas - width 30 cm, height of people 37 mm - Inca costeño culture - Nazca valley - around 1370 - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Inca costeño fabric with representation of stylized feathers - around 1370 - Nazca Valley - width 26 cm - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Inca fabric - Lauri, Chancay - Amano Museum Collection - Lima - 1976

Inca Weaving from Pisquillo, Chancay - with Chacana - Amano Museum Collection, Lima - 1976

Inca-Chancay fabric - with green and red - Amano Museum Collection, Lima - 1976

Inca-Chancay fabric - with different browns - Amano Museum Collection, Lima - 1976

The internal drainage system of the terraces of Machu Picchu, created by the Incas, consisted of three layers, a first layer of mulch, a second of sand and a third of gravel. These layers allowed the water sucked in by the terraces not to flood the terraces, but to run downhill and be quickly absorbed without creating landslides that would endanger the city and its inhabitants. - 1976

Along the partly restored Barracas of the former farmers, 100 stairs with more than 3000 steps run down the slope. They connect 260 palaces, temples, sanctuaries, thermal baths, sacrificial altars, caves of mummies and "hanging gardens" and make Machu Picchu a "stone poem". . . a challenge of nature ... an unfathomable secret. - 1976

The imposing entrance to this palace in Ollantaytambo is amazing. Undoubtedly, the stone cones on the incredible "dice game" of the Incas were used for this purpose. Lifting the gigantic monoliths into place and putting them together without gaps. - 1976

Inca basket - diameter 19 cm - comes from an Inca grave in Solcor - Museum San Pedro de Atacama (province Antofagasta) - Chile - 1976

Burial gift of the small, about 9 year old Inca prince from Cerro el Plomo in Chile, who had been offered to the sun god as a sacrifice of atonement and was discovered in 1954 - see photo KDI-111 - in a refrigerated display case in the Museo de Santiago, Chile! - 1975

Character representing the Inca with offerings - Inca culture 1300-1400 - Height 21 cm - Museo Nacional de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Arqueología - Bolivia - 1976

A Salasaca girl from the town of Ambato, Tungurahua province - Ecuador - 1976

Agricultural area near Pasto, Colombia. - 1977

Monolithic statues from the "archaeological park" of San Agustín (Huila department, Colombia). The heyday of this culture is assumed to be around the birth of Christ: when the Spaniards arrived, it had long since ceased to exist. - 1977

Monolithic statues from the "archaeological park" of San Agustín (Huila department, Colombia). The heyday of this culture is assumed t to be around the birth of Christ: when the Spaniards arrived, it had long since ceased to exist. - Tumulus B - height of the figure 1.85 m. - 1977

Monolithic statues from the "archaeological park" of San Agustín (Huila department, Colombia). The heyday of this culture is assumed to be around the birth of Christ: when the Spaniards arrived, it had long since ceased to exist. - Tumulus 8 - The figure is 60 cm high, holding two fish in her hands. - 1977

Monolithic statues from the "archaeological park" of San Agustín (Huila department, Colombia). The heyday of this culture is assumed to be around the birth of Christ. - "El tablón" - coffin lid. - 1977

Monolithic statues from the "archaeological park" of San Agustín (Huila department, Colombia). The heyday of this culture is assumed to be around the birth of Christ. - Statue with a vessel in his hands. - 1977

Monolithic statues from the "archaeological park" of San Agustín (Huila department, Colombia). The heyday of this culture is assumed to be around the birth of Christ. - Tumulus B - The crocodile measures 2.40 m x 0.96 m - 1977

"Tierradentro" (land that lies inside) belongs to the present settlement area of the Páez Indians. It is assumed that there is a connection between the cultures of San Agustín and Tierradentro, but in any case similar guardian figures can be found in both places. Tierradentro occupies a special place among the pre-Columbian cultures, however, because of its burial chambers: caverns of up to 70 square metres, hewn in chalk sandstone and completely painted with geometric ornaments. The predominant red colour reminds us that the colour of the dead is red in Mexico too. - Detail of burial chamber 10. - 1977

"Tierradentro" (land that lies inside) belongs to the present settlement area of the Páez Indians. It is assumed that there is a connection between the cultures of San Agustín and Tierradentro, but in any case similar guardian figures can be found in both places. Tierradentro occupies a special place among the pre-Columbian cultures, however, because of its burial chambers: caverns of up to 70 square metres, hewn in chalk sandstone and completely painted with geometric ornaments. The predominant red colour reminds us that the colour of the dead is red in Mexico too. - Detail of burial chamber 1. - 1977

Arrowheads - in natural glass or meteorite showers - Neolithic period - Origin: Sequitor Alambrado, San Pedro de Atacama - Museum San Pedro de Atacama - Chile - 1976

Female skull with hair band - Atacameña culture second phase - Origin: Coyo Oriental - Museum San Pedro de Atacama - Chile - 1976

Skull of a child - Second phase of the Atacameña culture - Origin: Quitor (province of Antofagasta) - Museo San Pedro de Atacama - Chile - 1976

Skull of a man with Bonnet-Turban - with a blanket with geometrical figures - Atacameña culture second phase - Origin: Coyo Oriental - Museum San Pedro de Atacama - Chile - 1976

Mummy of a young woman - Second phase of the Atacameña culture - 300 BC - Origin: Solor - Museum San Pedro de Atacama - Chile - 1976

Mummy of a woman with child - Atacameña culture second phase - blanket with borders - volcanic rock and turquoise necklace - Origin: Sequitor Alambrado - Museum San Pedro de Atacama - Chile - 1976

Abstract anthropomorphic bottle - Second phase of the Atacameña culture - Height 18,5 cm - Museum San Pedro de Atacama (Antofagasta province) - Chile - 1976

Two anthropomorphic bottles, naturalistic left 19 cm, abstract right 18,5 cm - Second phase of the Atacameña culture - Museum San Pedro de Atacama (Antofagasta province) - Chile - 1976

Carob wood duck - length 18 cm - Atacameña culture - Origin: Quitor - Museum San Pedro de Atacama (province Antofagasta) - Chile - 1976

Vessel Incisa - diameter 18,5 cm - Atacameña culture, last period of the second phase - Museum San Pedro de Atacama (Antofagasta province) - Chile - 1976

Basket with figure with axe and 3 javelins - diameter 35 cm - Atacameña culture second phase - Museum San Pedro de Atacama (Antofagasta province) - Chile - 1976

Detail of a basket with figure with axe and 3 throwing spears - diameter 35 cm - Atacameña culture second phase - Museum San Pedro de Atacama (Antofagasta province) - Chile - 1976

Snuff set - Origin: Quitor - Museum San Pedro de Atacama (province Antofagasta) - Chile - 1976

Tablet male - Origin: Coyo Oriental - Museum San Pedro de Atacama (Province of Antofagasta) - Chile - 1976

Tablet female - Origin: Quitor - Museo San Pedro de Atacama (Provincia Antofagasta) - Chile - 1976

Bowl with monkeys - Tuncahuan culture - 500 BC to 500 AD - negative painting of beeswax and honey - diameter 19cm, height 8.5cm - Museo Banco Central Quito, Ecuador - 1976

Pre-Columbian pottery - Ceramics Jama-Coaque culture (coast) - Height 39,5cm - Museo Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito - 1976

Pre-Columbian pottery - Ceramics Bahia culture - Manabi province - Height 64cm - Museo Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito - 1976

On the Bolivian plateau, the legendary creator god Kon Tiki Viracocha guards the secrets of a sunken world like a "sphinx". In the mask of a radiation-framed puma, he adorns the famous sun gate of Tiahuanaco, which consists of a single block of andesite, almost 3 m high and 4 m wide, weighing almost 10 tons. - 1976

View from the semi underground temple of Tiahuanaco to the monumental staircase with the six stone steps and the large restored entrance gate to the Kalasasaya. In the centre the "Ponce" stele of the Shrine of the Sun. - 1976

The Patio Hundido ("sunken courtyard") of Tiahuanaco is an almost square complex with a side length of about 28 m and is surrounded by an enclosure wall about 2 m high and with stone heads. - 1976

This Cabeza clava is located in the Parque monolios in La Paz. - 1976

Ceramics of the culture Tacalshapa in the provinces of Azuay and Cañar, Ecuador - Integration period from 500 to 1400 A.D. - Height 16 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Ceramics of the culture Tacalshapa in the provinces of Azuay and Cañar, Ecuador - Integration period from 500 to 1400 A.D. - Height 23 cm - Museo Banco Central Quito - 1976

Vessel for grave goods - Tiahuanaco culture - year 667 to 1000 - height 18 cm - Museo Nacional de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Arqueología - Bolivia - 1976

Grave vessel of the Tiahuanaco culture 5th period - year 1000 to 1100 - height 12 cm - Museo Nacional de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Arqueología - Bolivia - 1976

Ceremonial vessel with a crowned snake - 4th period of the Tiahuanaco culture - years 667 to 1000 - height 8 cm - Museo Nacional de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Arqueología - Bolivia - 1976

Ceramic vase with modelled head of a figure from the 4th period of the Tiahuanaco culture - on the cheek a bulge due to the use of coca - the arrows represent the main organs of the person: the visor and the ear - height 14 cm - Museo Nacional de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Arqueología - Bolivia - 1976

Vessel with a ceramic portrait of an anthropomorphic head of a figure from the 5th period of the Tiahuanaco culture - the arrows represent the main organs of the person: the sight and the ear - Height 11 cm - Museo Nacional de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Arqueología - Bolivia - 1976

Wooden kero with anthropomorphic head - height 19 cm - Museo Nacional de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Arqueología - Bolivia - 1976

Large ceremonial kero - height 47.5 cm - the head is related to the sun gate of Tiahuanaco - 4th epoch - Museo Nacional de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Arqueología - Bolivia - 1976

Vessel in Tiahuanaco style - Height 12 cm - Place of discovery: Pukará de Quitor (province Antofagasta) - Museum San Pedro de Atacama - Chile - 1976

An old woman from Yungay talks about the Terremoto earthquake of 31 May 1970, which had a magnitude of 7.8 and killed about 70,000 people. - 1976

An lndia cuzqueña from the Ollantaytambo region in her typical dresses. - 1976

The front side with the portal of the colonial church of San Pedro of Zepita on Lake Titicaca. - 1976

"Las Ventanillas de Otuzco" is an archaeological site in the district of Baños del Inca, 8 km northwest of the city of Cajamarca. The individual windows are tombs from the pre-Inca period. - 1976

Rock paintings of Mazo Cruz, 4500 m above sea level (Puno department, Peru). Which Champollion will ever be able to interpret the 7000 to 10 000 year old wall frescoes of the "described stone" in the holy caves of Kelkatani? The dances of the hunters decorated with a wreath of feathers were painted with red ochre paint on a granite surface of 26 by 6 metres and bear witness to a mysterious highland civilisation. - 1976

Chavín Culture, Peru. The huge temple complex near the village of Chavín de Huántar behind the Cordillera Blanca gave its name to a culture whose influence around 1000 BC can be traced over a wide area and in later cultural forms, so that it can be called with some justification the mother culture. Recurring motifs are the jaguar or a mixture of predator, snake and condor and warriors with predator teeth, condor claws and snake hair or hair with condor heads. Here the main portal to the temple complex with the large ceremonial square in the foreground. - 1976

The Chavín culture, which we know mainly through its stonemasonry, belongs to the developmental period of pre-Columbian Peru. - 1969

The Chavín religion is characterised by a cult in honour of the condor. The very schematic representation of this giant vulture is also found on stone slabs that decorate the temple of the Chavín site in the Cordillera. - 1969

The Lanzón of Chavín is a sacred monolith or wanka that belongs to the Chavín culture. It is carved in irregular granite, 4.54 m high and is located in its original location in a sector of an interior gallery of the Old Temple of Chavín. It is called the "Lanzón" because it has the shape of a giant spire whose ends are firmly embedded in the floor and ceiling of the gallery. It has three sides covered with engraved motifs representing a deity with human features mixed with those of animals. It is the largest of the sculptures or monoliths preserved from the Chavín culture. - 1969

Chavín Culture, Peru. Recurring motifs are the jaguar as in this picture or a mixture of predatory cat, snake and condor and warriors with predator teeth, condor claws and snake hair or hair with condor heads. This relief plate is located at the edge of a circular square between the old and the new temple. - 1976

On one of these blocks is carved the image of a mythical creature that today's archaeologists call "Medusa", but in reality it is the representation of the same mythical creature of the New Temple period that was carved on the " Lanzón " of the Old Temple. - 1976

The heads of nails (Cabezas clavas) are a series of sculptures representing heads of cats, snakes and birds, combined with human features. They owe this name to the fact that they end like a nail in an extension, which meant that they could easily be embedded into the façade of the temple at symmetrical intervals. One theory assumes that they were the guardians of the temple. They were carved in sandstone of different consistency, quartzite and granite. Unfortunately, of the 56 who were there, only one is still on site. The others have disappeared or are kept in museums. - 1976

The heads of nails (Cabezas clavas) are a series of sculptures representing heads of cats, snakes and birds, combined with human features. One theory assumes that they were the guardians of the temple. They were carved in sandstone of different consistency, quartzite and granite. Unfortunately, of the 56 who were there, only one is still on site. The others have disappeared or are kept in museums. - 1969

The heads of nails (Cabezas clavas) are a series of sculptures representing heads of cats, snakes and birds, combined with human features. They have been carved in sandstone of different textures, quartzite and granite. Unfortunately, of the 56 that were there, only one is still on site. The others have disappeared or are kept in museums. - 1969

The heads of nails (Cabezas clavas) are a series of sculptures representing heads of cats, snakes and birds, combined with human features. They have been carved in sandstone of different textures, quartzite and granite. Unfortunately, of the 56 that were there, only one is still on site. The others have disappeared or are kept in museums - 1969

During the excavations in Chavín, fragments of stone slabs with anthropomorphic figures were found, probably belonging to a roof cornice. - 1969

This stele shows a figure of a magical-religious cult, under whose influence the whole of ancient Peru was under around 1000 BC. The figure carries a sceptre; hair and belt are made of snakes. Most of these peculiar representations of Chavín also have wings; fangs, cat's claws or birds of prey claws are characteristic features. - 1969

During the excavations in Chavín, fragments of stone slabs with anthropomorphic figures were found, probably belonging to a roof cornice. - 1969

Chavín Culture ceramics with a bird - Private collection, Lima - 1969

Typical ceramics of the Chavín culture - Private collection, Lima - 1969

Ceramic Huaco of the Chavín Culture - Private collection - Lima - 1969

One of the few, if not the only fabric preserved from the Chavín culture: painted cotton and again the familiar motifs of fangs, feather snakes and condor claws. - Museo Amano, Lima, Peru. - 1976

Detail from the temple complex of Cerro Sechín in the Valley of Casma on the Peruvian Pacific coast. The complex of around ninety monolithic slabs, some of them enormous, is attributed to the coastal Chavín style, although the reliefs have little in common with other ancient Peruvian stonework and show more similarities with the Mexican Monte Albán culture. - 1976

Detail from the temple complex of Cerro Sechín in the Casmatal on the Peruvian Pacific coast. The complex of around ninety monolithic slabs, some of which are enormous, is attributed to the coastal Chavín style, although the reliefs have little in common with other ancient Peruvian stonework and show more similarities with the Mexican Monte Albán culture. The figures in profile all look towards the main entrance of the temple. - 1976

Detail of a mummy cloth (manto) of the Paracas necropolis culture with human figures carrying fans and ceremonial staffs in their hands. Private collection. - 1969

Detail of a mummy cloth (manto) of the Paracas necropolis culture with a stylised reptile. The whole cloth has 9 figures and measures 2.50m x 1.18m. Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología, Lima - 1977

Detail of a mummy cloth (manto) of the Paracas necropolis culture with four warriors with masks. In one hand they are holding a trophy head, in the other apparently a musical instrument. Four trophy heads hang from the trousers. Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología, Lima - 1977

Detail of a mummy cloth (manto) of the Paracas necropolis culture. On the dress are trophy heads. Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología, Lima - 1969

Detail of a mummy cloth (manto) of the Paracas necropolis culture with stylised birds. Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología, Lima - 1969

Detail at the edge of a mummy cloth (manto) of the Paracas necropolis culture. Each person carries two trophy heads. Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología, Lima - 1977

Detail of a mummy cloth (manto) of the Paracas necropolis culture with a stylised person carrying wings. Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología, Lima - 1969

Detail of a mummy cloth (manto) of the Paracas necropolis culture with a stylised cat (11 cm). Museo de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín - Arequipa - 1976

Chan Chan was the capital of the pre-Columbian Chimú Empire. Best preserved is the Tschudi area, named after the Swiss researcher Tschudi. The palace is now known as Palacio Nik-An. This area is being restored and is open to tourists. Here you can still see some of the banqueting halls with their magnificent decorations. - 1969

The "Huaca del Dragon", or as it is also called, rainbow temple, is located outside the city of Trujillo near Chan Chan. It is a large religious monument, ceremonial and administrative centre made of mud bricks, whose murals are decorated with relief friezes depicting anthropomorphic figures and depicting the rainbow in stylised form. - 1969

Detail eines Federkleides - Chimú-Kultur - Amano-Museum - Lima - 1976

Gold death mask - Chimú culture - width 32 cm - Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología, Lima - 1977

Coastal ceramics influenced by the Chimú culture - Height 16 cm - Museo Regional de Ancash - Huaraz - 1976

Black, shiny ceramics of the Chimú-Inca culture - height 29 cm - Museo Arqueológico Brünning - Lambayeque - 1976

Chimú-Lambayeque Culture - XII. Century - Diameter: 10 cm - Weight 25 g - Burial figure dressed with an ornamental skirt and a burial mask on the face - consists of equal parts of gold, silver and copper - cast and hammered - Museo Arqueológico Brünning - Lambayeque - 1976

Two gold vases with turquoise inlays - - 1977

Gold vase of the Chimú culture - Height 20,5 cm, diameter on top 17 cm - Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología - Lima - 1977

Gold vase and ear pendant of the Chimú culture - height of the vase 20,5 cm - diameter top 17 cm - Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología - Lima - 1977

Bangle, pin and earrings of the Chimú culture - Private collection - 1969

Chimú breast jewellery - with 166 faces, silver figures - Origin: Lambayeque - Archaeological Museum Brünning - Lambayeque - 1976

The golden tumi of Íllimo was a knife or ceremonial axe of the Lambayeque culture (8th to 14th centuries), although it was long wrongly attributed to the Chimú culture. It was made of embossed gold leaf and inlaid with semi-precious stones. Its blade had a semi-circular shape and its handle was an elaborate representation of a deity, probably the mythical Naylamp mentioned in Spanish chronicles. It is the most famous example of old Peruvian goldsmithing. It was stolen from the Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology in Lima in 1981. The valuable stolen piece had the following dimensions: Total length 43.5 cm; length of the figure of the god 29 cm; length of the knife in the shape of a half-moon 14.5 cm; maximum width 15.5 cm. The weight was 1 kilogram. - 1977

Tumi of gold, ceremonial axe - Height 35,4cm - Weight 457,5 g - 22 carat - set with turquoise - Chimú culture - Museo Oro del Perú - Lima - 1977

Tumi of gold, ceremonial axe - Chimú culture - Private collection - Lima - 1969

Lambayeque culture - gold tumi with turquoise inlays, representing the deity "Naymlap" - 22 carat - weight 536 g - Museo Oro del Perú - Lima - 1977

Gold and silver cast brooch of the Chimú Lambayeque culture - hammered and embossed work - with shells and earrings in turquoise - 12th century - Height 4.5 cm, weight 7 g - Museo Arqueológico Brünning - Lambayeque - 1976

Detail of a pre-Inca fabric. Height 43 cm, width 29 cm. There are 15 motifs on the fabric, it measures 3.22 m by 1.57 m. - Museo Puruchuco - Lima - 1976

Detail of a pre-Inca fabric. There are 15 motifs on the fabric and it measures 3.22 m by 1.57 m. - Museo Puruchuco - Lima - 1976

Feather hat - 12th century - Contents of a burial bundle - Ceremonial dress of feathers interspersed with silver - Puruchuco Museum - Lima - 1976

Fabrics of wool and cotton - Mochica culture - Origin Chiquitoy, Trujillo - Museo Amano - Lima - 1976

Tissue of the Nazca Culture - Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología, Lima - 1977

Gold bracelet of the Nazca culture - Colobri figures in flight and rings in high relief - 18 carat - Weight 60 g - Length 14.2 cm, width 7 cm - Museo Oro del Perú - Lima - 1977

Bottle with double spout and bridge from the Nazca culture depicting a Nazca god - age ca. 1700 years - height 22 cm - found in the Hacienda Cahuachi - Department Ica - Regional Museum of Ica - 1969

Bottle with double spout and bridge from the Nazca culture depicting a Nazca god - age ca. 1700 years - height 22 cm - found in the Hacienda Cahuáchi - Department Ica - Regional Museum of Ica - 1969

Ceramic drinking vessel of the Nazca culture in the shape of a fish - Museo Regional de Ica - 1969

Nazca culture ceramic bottle - Museo Regional de Ica - 1969

Nazca culture ceramic bottle representing a monkey - Museo Regional de Ica - 1969

Bottle with double spout and bridge from the Nazca culture - Private collection, Lima - 1969

Nazca culture ceramic vase - Private collection, Lima - 1969

Doll from Chancay - Height 35 cm - Private collection - Lima - 1976

Doll from Chancay - Height 34 cm - Private collection - Lima - 1976

Belt with male figures in cotton and wool - width 10,2 cm - Museo Amano - Lima - 1976

Chancay fabric with stylised personified animals - Height 22.5 cm - Width 8 cm - Museo Nacional de Antropología y Arqueología, Lima

Vicús culture ceramic vase - Museo Regional de Ica - 1969

Vicus-Frías culture - golden hair remover - 20 carats - weight 41,5 g - height 13 cm - Museo "Oro del Perú" Miguel Mujica Gallo - Lima - 1977

Ceramic of the Mochica culture - Private collection - 1969

Ceramic huaco of the Chimú culture - Private collection - Lima - 1969

Ceramic huaco of the Mochica culture - Private collection - Lima - 1969

Ceramic huaco with a toucan - culture Mochica - Private collection - Lima - 1969

Big pot with cat relief - tricolour - 3 cats with body and head - found in Jancu near Huaraz, Ancash - culture Recuay - Regional museum of Huaraz - 1976

Huaylas ceramics - Representation of the sun deity on the back. Height 17,5 cm - Place of discovery Jancu near Huaraz, Ancash - Museo Regional de Huaraz - 1976

Ceramic vessel Huaylas with a cat-like creature in negative painting - Height 23 cm - Place of discovery Jancu near Huaraz - culture Recuay - Museo Regional de Huaraz - 1976

Ceramics of the culture Santa, Huari period, with two monkeys and snakes with human head - Height 20,5 cm - Museo Regional de Huaraz - 1976

Ceramics of the culture Santa, Huari period, with two monkeys and a musician playing on the zampoña - on the vessel a stylized cat animal is painted - Height 26 cm - Museo Regional de Huaraz - 1976

Human figure with child carved in stone - Height 84 cm - culture Recuay - Museo Regional de Huaraz - 1976

Human figure carved in stone - Height 97 cm - culture Recuay - Museo Regional de Huaraz - 1976

Stone slab with man and two pumas - width 1.65 m - culture Recuay - Museo Regional de Huaraz - 1976

Stone slab with two pumas and two birds - height 57 cm - culture Recuay - Museo Regional de Huaraz - 1976

Stone slab with two pumas and a human holding two trophy heads - Height 38 cm, width 1.69 m - Height of the human 32 cm - culture Recuay - Museo Regional de Huaraz - 1976

Stone figure of the Huaylas type - Private collection - Lima - 1969

Very often, on the heights of the Collao Altiplano around Lake Titicaca, one finds those strange monolithic chullpas, mummy graves of high leaders and members of a mysterious race that existed "before the sun rose". In Sillustani, on the Umayo peninsula on the lake of the same name, there are twelve tomb towers, some of which have collapsed. - 1976

Very often, on the heights of the Collao Altiplano around Lake Titicaca, one finds those strange monolithic chullpas, mummy graves of high leaders and members of a mysterious race that existed "before the sun rose". In Sillustani, on the Umayo peninsula on the lake of the same name, there are twelve tomb towers, some of which have collapsed. - 1969

Very often, on the heights of the Collao Altiplano around Lake Titicaca, one finds those strange monolithic chullpas, mummy graves of high leaders and members of a mysterious race that existed "before the sun rose". In Sillustani, on the Umayo peninsula on the lake of the same name, there are twelve tomb towers, some of which have collapsed. This tower has the relief of a lizard. - 1969

Detail of the wall of a square Chullpa of Cotimbo near Puno on Lake Titicaca. - 1969

The square shape of a Chullpa is very rare - Cotimbo near Puno on Lake Titicaca - 1969

Very often, on the heights of the Collao Altiplano around Lake Titicaca, one finds those strange monolithic chullpas, mummy graves of high-ranking leaders and members of a mysterious race that existed "before the sun rose". The blunt, 12 m high burial tower of Cutimbo, near Puno, has a relief with pumas at its base.

This puma head is part of a well in Juli - Puno - 1976

The petroglyphs of Toro Muerto are located in the Majes valley and are spread over an area of 5 km². It is perhaps the richest area of rock art in the world; it has more than 6'000 blocks engraved in bas-relief. These blocks have been engraved with all kinds of geometric and anthropomorphic representations, birds, quadrupeds, reptiles, etc. - 1976

Detail of a Tiahuanaco fabric, 160x62 cm, made of cotton and wool - Origin: Campanario, Huarmey - Amano Museum - Lima - 1976

Tiahuanaco warrior mummy from the coast - Nazca Valley - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Burial bundles of the coastal Tiahuanaco culture - Nazca Valley - 11th century - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Tiahuanaco fabric with four hands in red - Amano-Museum - Lima - 1976

Tiahuanaco culture ceramic vessel - Private collection Pelloni - Lima - 1969

Plate of the coastal Tiahuanaco culture - Nazca valley - 11th century - diameter 26 cm - Regional Museum of Ica - 1976

Coastal Tiahuanaco - Vessel with anthropomorphic representation of a warrior - Nazca valley - Height 32 cm - 10th century - Ica Regional Museum - 1969

Coastal Tiahuanaco - Vessel with anthropomorphic representation of a warrior - Nazca valley - Height 32 cm - 10th century - Ica Regional Museum - 1976

Ceramics of the coastal Tiahuanaco culture in the form of a man (priest?) with a Kero in his hands - 11th century - Nazca Valley - Museo Regional de Ica - 1976

Offering for the Pachamama - cult object made of stone - farm with animals and agricultural crops - private collection Lima - 1977

Offering for the Pachamama - Father, mother and two children - Cult object made of stone - Bolivia - 1977

Offering for the Pachamama - Hand - Length 10 cm - Private collection Lima - 1977

Two gauchos from the province of Córdoba try to catch a foal. They have retained some traditional garments of their status. Despite the rapid development of the country, they are and remain the living symbol of Argentina. The gaucho spends most of his existence on the horse, which is his most loyal friend. Rough, brave and strong, the man of the pampas loves freedom above all else. - 1973

The Iguassu Falls are located on the Argentine-Brazilian border, in the midst of a tropical nature with lush vegetation. The imposing Garganta del Diablo (Devil's Gorge) is one of the most beautiful points of these waterfalls. The water roars seventy metres below. - 1973

Gaucho Arnaldo in the evening light at Estancia Mimosa. (Entre Ríos Province). - 1973

Buenos Aires is the capital of Argentina. With a population of around 15 million, it is the largest city in South America. It stretches across the entire back part of the Río de La Plata estuary and is made up of a number of neighbourhoods, each with its own special face. In the peripheral zones, there are gardens full of colourful flowers. In the heart of the capital, large parks are somewhat reminiscent of those of London, which may have been their models. In these magnificent parks, many citizens spend their Sundays and holidays. The centre, where the skyscrapers stand, is teeming with life. This is the seat of trading houses, banks, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, theatres, nightclubs and cabarets. You can also see magnificent avenues in this district. The "Avenida 9 de Julio" is considered by Argentines to be the widest in the world. - 1973

Buenos Aires is the capital of Argentina. With a population of around twelve million, it is the largest city in South America. It stretches across the entire back part of the Río de La Plata estuary and is made up of a number of neighbourhoods, each with its own special face. In the peripheral zones, there are gardens full of colourful flowers. In the heart of the capital, large parks are somewhat reminiscent of those of London, which may have been their models. In these magnificent parks, many citizens spend their Sundays and holidays. The centre, where the skyscrapers stand, is teeming with life. This is the seat of trading houses, banks, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, theatres, nightclubs and cabarets. You can also see magnificent avenues in this district. The "Avenida 9 de Julio" is considered by Argentines to be the widest in the world. - View of Buenos Aires from the Olivetti Tower. - 1973

The Calle Florida is an elegant shopping street in the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires. Sections of it have been a pedestrian zone since 1913. - 1973

The Plaza de Mayo represents the heart of the Argentine capital Buenos Aires. This place is the former founding area of the city and, like almost all South American plazas, serves representative purposes. It is located near the old port in the Monserrat district. - 1973

The Avenida de Mayo is a large avenue in the Montserrat district of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Planned as a majestic boulevard based on the Parisian model and opened on July 9, 1894 after heated arguments, the Avenida de Mayo is now a symbol of Argentine-Spanish relations and reflects the social problems of Buenos Aires. The avenue, lined mainly with maple-leaved plane trees, connects the historic Plaza de Mayo with the Plaza del Congreso (picture) and halfway crosses the 16-lane main artery Avenida 9 de Julio. - 1973

The Casa Rosada is the palace of the President of Argentina. It is located in the capital Buenos Aires on the east side of the Plaza de Mayo in the Montserrat district. - 1973

This old covered wagon moves through the streets of the La Boca district in the east of Buenos Aires. - 1973

Near the large port of the Argentine capital is the famous neighbourhood of «La Boca», where, according to popular myth, the tango is said to have originated - which is not entirely true. From the middle of the 19th century onwards, thousands of immigrants came to the country. They settled more or less everywhere, but showed a certain preference for the Buenos Aires area. There were many Italians among them. They liked it particularly well in «La Boca». This district consists of small, nested houses made of corrugated iron, painted in vivid colours, which make up all its charm. The inhabitants, called porteños, earn their living from a wide variety of activities in the capital's huge port. «La Boca» is a centre of attraction for tourists in search of the exotic. - 1973

Near the large port of the Argentine capital is the famous neighbourhood of «La Boca», where, according to popular myth, the tango is said to have originated - which is not entirely true. From the middle of the 19th century onwards, thousands of immigrants came to the country. They settled more or less everywhere, but showed a certain preference for the Buenos Aires area. There were many Italians among them. They liked it particularly well in «La Boca». This district consists of small, nested houses made of corrugated iron, painted in vivid colours, which make up all its charm. The inhabitants, called porteños, earn their living from a wide variety of activities in the capital's huge port. «La Boca» is a centre of attraction for tourists in search of the exotic. - Calle Suarez 179 - 1973

In the streets of the Olivos district in the metropolitan area of Greater Buenos Aires, this basket maker peddles his horse and cart. - 1973

According to tradition, the tango, the Argentine national dance, was born in the 19th century in San Telmo, a district of the state capital. It was first adopted by young people of rather free morals, then by the sons of “good families”. The singer Carlos Gardel contributed to the spread of tango throughout the world. This artist is still present in all memories. The Argentines have a real cult for him. - 1973

Night falls on the capital of Argentina. The nightlife is about to begin. Restaurants, cabarets, nightclubs, concert halls, cinemas and theatres by the hundreds invite city dwellers to leave their homes and enjoy themselves. Thousands of people crowd the pavements, while the traffic on the streets is becoming more and more intense. In the famous Avenida Corrientes, one of the most beautiful streets in Buenos Aires, neon lights are lit and shop windows are illuminated. The air becomes fresher and the great capital finally deserves the name given to it by Pedro de Mendoza in the 16th century. - 1973

Argentina's climate varies greatly from season to season. During the southern summer, the temperature sometimes becomes stifling, easily exceeding 30 degrees in the shade. This heat is all the more trying because it is accompanied by very high humidity. The inhabitants of the capital suffer more than those in the countryside from this situation. The result is a mass exodus to the beaches, especially to Mar del Plata, Argentina's famous seaside resort. It is located on the Atlantic coast, some 400 kilometres south of Buenos Aires. Thousands of tourists and holidaymakers frequent Mar del Plata, especially during the months of January to March, when the summer holidays take place. In addition to the pleasures of bathing, water sports and fishing, the city offers its occasional residents everything that an urban centre has to offer in terms of entertainment. Tourists stay in luxurious hotels, can rent houses or flats, thus escaping the heat of the capital and the main cities in the centre of their country. - 1973

Argentina, the country of bovines, however, has a wildlife that is well represented and varies from one region to another. In this area, the Atlantic coastline occupies a privileged place. It is true that it stretches, from north to south, over hundreds of kilometres. Mammals and birds abound on the coasts. In Cabo dos Bahías (province of Chubut) there is a huge colony of penguins. These animals are protected. They live their lives in peace and quiet and are a fascinating subject of study for the naturalist. They are not very shy and are easy to approach. - 1973

There are many species of wildlife along the coast of Argentina. In addition to penguins, there are also the lobos (sea wolves), which are scattered along the coast. These lobos, like other animals along the coast, form colonies that are surprisingly large in number. One of these groups has taken up residence in La Lobería, in the province of Río Negro. - 1973

Among the wild species of the Argentinean coast are the elephant seals, which, like the others, live in huge colonies. At the northern end of the Valdés peninsula (Chubut province), one of these colonies can be seen and is a real tourist attraction. These enormous mammals laze lazily on the beach floor. Despite their somewhat fearsome appearance, elephant seals - especially the females and young - are harmless. Only if you try to cut off their retreat to the sea do they become aggressive. - 1973

Argentina's soil holds real treasures, but has not yet been fully explored. Oil, however, has been extracted for years, in considerable quantities in the area of Comodoro Rivadavia province of Chubut on the southern coastal strip. If you follow the road from Buenos Aires to the southern tip, you will notice strange machines in the pampas, reminiscent of large grasshoppers, which are constantly pumping oil out of the earth's interior. Drilling rigs also rise up from the ocean. Comodoro Rivadavia is home to thousands of engineers, workers and employees who earn their living directly or indirectly from the oil deposits. The “black gold” is not refined in the city itself, but in La Plata, south of Buenos Aires. Comodoro Rivadavia's oil production covers part of the country's needs. Further drilling is being done in other provinces, especially in Mendoza and San Juan. - 1973

Comodoro Rivadavia is an important port and industrial city on the Atlantic coast of the province of Chubut in southern Argentina. The town of Comodoro Rivadavia was founded in 1901 as the center of the sheep farming region in Central Patagonia. However, when oil was found in search of drinking water in 1907, the city began to grow rapidly. - 1973

For Argentines, Patagonia is a remote and wild world where the most diverse legends circulate. In his work “The Children of Captain Grant”, Jules Verne has given us a description of this mysterious country that excites our imagination. The Río Negro marks the natural border between the provinces of Buenos Aires and Río Negro. In the background of the photo, we can see the silhouette of the church of Carmen de Patagones, an important place of the colonization of the country. During the 19th century, immigrants used the rivers that cross Patagonia in order to penetrate the interior of the country. - 1973

The settlement of settlers from Wales in the valleys of southern Argentina represented the first stage of a comprehensive colonisation programme. Welsh people even ventured into the Andes range. Their intention was to promote agriculture and exploit mineral resources in this part of Argentina. North and west of the Río Chubut, they discovered virgin land as they advanced into the long valleys of the Sierra. The picture shows the interior of a colonial home in Gaiman (Chubut province), an important settlement. This home belongs to Miss Mainwen Williams, the 70-year-old daughter of an Argentinian mother and a Welsh father. Her family includes nine siblings. All the objects that decorate the house are about eighty years old, so they date from the first period of immigrant settlement in this region. There is a small Welsh museum in Gaiman. - 1973

This kiosk is located at Plaza 25 de Mayo in the city of San Juan. The newspaper vendor is selling her wares. - 1973

The sky over Patagonia looks different from anywhere else. It is often veiled by very light clouds that let a strange light shine through. Sometimes the wind blows in violent gusts and causes sandstorms. Then it is necessary to seek shelter immediately to escape the turmoil of the elements. A yellowish light intensifies the sense of threat that grips the traveller. But the storm does not last long, and soon the sky is clear again. The inhabitants of the Pampas have taken advantage of the wind. They set up windmills at various points on their property and use them to pump water out of the ground. In many places this precious wet is completely lacking, which is all the more regrettable because thousands of cattle, which together with the sheep make up the wealth of Patagonia, need a watering place. This picture was taken on the estancia “Las Toscas” in the province of Santa Cruz. - 1973

National Road 3 between Viedma and San Antonio Oeste (Río Negro province). This important transport connection begins in Buenos Aires and leads to the zones near the south polar. Its total length is 3218 kilometres. At the other end of the road, in Tierra del Fuego, is Ushuaia, the southernmost city on earth. The initially asphalted National Road 3 gradually turns into a sandy track, riddled with deep holes that endanger the traffic. Drivers have to be very careful. Petrol stations and garages are rare. Keep this in mind when you travel to Patagonia. Drivers always carry provisions, enough petrol and tools to repair breakdowns. They also have a sense of solidarity and are always ready to help a motorist in trouble. - 1973

A cistern truck and a car are travelling on National Road 3 in Patagonia. - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

Patagonia, also known as desierto verde (green desert), is an immense sheep pasture. The sheep are bred only for the wool. The estancieros completely neglect meat production. The sheep meat is therefore of poor quality and plays no role at all in the national budget. On the other hand, the price of wool has been repeatedly driven up on the international market. About ten million sheep are kept in the polar zones, seven million in Patagonia alone. The wool is pressed into bales of 200 to 300 kilos. It is shipped by ship from Río Gallegos (Santa Cruz province) to Buenos Aires and from Ushuaia (Tierra del Fuego) to Europe. In the last few years, synthetic fibres have increasingly competed with wool. Our picture was taken between Río Gallegos and Río Turbio (Santa Cruz province), on the track leading to the Cordillera. - 1973

The boleadoras were the gaucho's first weapon with which he infallibly forced an ostrich (Ñandú) or a bull to the ground within thirty meters. - 1976

This track leads to the Estancia Killik Aike Norte in the province of Santa Cruz. - 1973

Sheep shearing takes place during the months of December and January, in the heart of the southern summer. The work is carried out in a galpón, a building reserved for this purpose that can be seen in all the estancias. The sheep are led to the galpón by ovejeros on horseback. Each esquilador (shearer) shears about 200 sheep a day. He uses an electric shearer set in motion by a motor which, at the same time, provides light to the property. Twice a year the esquiladores cut the wool around the sheep's eyes. The animals cannot see clearly because of the thickness of their fleece. - 1973

The owners of the estancias are very often descendants of immigrants from Europe. They raise sheep to produce as much wool as possible. This estancia is called “Cancha Carreras” and is located between Río Turbio and Calafate (Santa Cruz province). An estancia consists of several buildings, namely residential houses, galpones, workshops, storage sheds, garages, meeting and entertainment halls, libraries, etc. On some estancias you can even find an airfield on which the small planes land that are necessary for the quick connection between the farm and the provincial capital. Enormous distances separate the individual estancias, which are practically cut off from the rest of the world. Contact with the outside world is maintained with the help of short-wave transmitters. Springs guarantee the water supply. They make it possible to establish plantations. Around the estancia stretches the grassy steppe of the pampas, where the domestic animals can graze undisturbed. - 1973

The araucarias (Araucaria araucana) grow in the Andes on both sides of the border between Argentina and Chile. This tree reaches a height of 30 meters. - 1973

South of Sarmiento, one comes across a petrified forest known as “Bosque José Ormachea”. It consists of araucaria trunks that are around 70 million years old. Around it stretches the desert, dominated by washed-out, strangely coloured hills. - 1973

South of Sarmiento, one comes across a petrified forest known as “Bosque José Ormachea”. It consists of araucaria trunks that are around 70 million years old. Around it stretches the desert, dominated by washed-out, strangely coloured hills. - Province of Chubut - 1973

Guanacos are the most common wild animals in Patagonia. They belong to the large family of camels. Guanacos live in groups, are extremely shy and flee at any unusual noise. The Tehuelche used guanaco skins to make their clothing. - 1973

Guanacos are the most common wild animals in Patagonia. They belong to the large family of camels. Guanacos live in groups, are extremely shy and flee at any unusual noise. The Tehuelche used guanaco skins to make their clothing. Cabo dos Bahías - Province of Chubut - 1973

Guanacos are the most common wild animals in Patagonia. They belong to the large family of camels. Guanacos live in groups, are extremely shy and flee at any unusual noise. The Tehuelche used guanaco skins to make their clothing. - Cabo dos Bahías - Province of Chubut - 1973

This armadillo, called a pichi, lives in southern Patagonia. It feeds on grasses and roots. These armadillos are often hunted for their tasty meat. Traditional musical instruments such as the charangos are also made from the carapace parts of some armadillo species. - 1973

The “Cueva de las Manos”, a difficult-to-access rock shelter above the Río Pinturas, between Bajo Caracoles and Perito Moreno (Santa Cruz province). The walls are covered all over with depictions of hands. - 1973

The “Cueva de las Manos”, a difficult-to-access rock shelter above the Río Pinturas, between Bajo Caracoles and Perito Moreno (Santa Cruz province). In a side grotto are these rock paintings of guanacos, hands and symbols. The diameter of the circle is 27 cm. - 1973

Representations of a younger, more developed culture depict meanders, either painted or carved, forming intricate overall patterns. In certain cases, they are even extremely complex labyrinths. They too are probably an expression of religious ideas, but the exact meaning of all these symbols cannot be determined. - This rock painting is located near San Martín de los Andes. - 1975

On the estancia “La Margarita” at Lake Viedma, in the province of Santa Cruz, the gauchos set off for the sheep pastures. On horseback, they cover great distances across the steppes of Patagonia. - 1973

Farrier Delphin Rodríguez from Bahía Bustamante (Chubut province) smiles cheerfully, which is not at all the case for all gauchos in the Pampas. Most of them are rough around the edges as a result of their adventurous lives. It often takes a lot of patience to be accepted by the men in a group. However, beneath the tough exterior lies a big heart. Their love of nature and the great outdoors has become legendary. They are completely at one with the special landscape in which they live, and their profession requires people of unusual strength. - 1973

The gaucho spends most of his life on horseback. He watches over the huge herds of sheep in Patagonia. When he rests from his long journeys across the pampas, he devotes himself to handicrafts. He makes admirable leather whips and takes special care in the manufacture of his stirrups, which are an important part of the mount. The horse of Delphin Rodríguez, the farrier in the previous photo, has stirrups decorated with beautifully crafted wooden pieces. - 1973

On 21 October 1520, Ferdinand Magellan and a fleet of four ships entered a strait separating Patagonia from Tierra del Fuego, which today bears his name. On 28 November of the same year, the Portuguese navigator's sailors reached the Pacific Ocean. The passage had taken thirty-six days. This achievement was one stage in the first voyage around the world, an adventure that was to end in death for Magellan and most of the men in his crew. Today, traversing the Strait of Magellan offers no difficulties, despite the harsh weather in these regions. A ferry connects the mainland with the large southern island. The areas on both sides of the strait belong to Chile. Tierra del Fuego owes its name to the navigator Magellan, who was astonished to notice Indian fires all along the shores. Today, instead of the Indian fires, the columns of flames from the oil drilling sites glow there. The National Road 3 leads to the northern shore of the strait and continues over there. - 1973

On the map, the north of Tierra del Fuego is the natural continuation of the Argentine Patagonia. Here, too, the vast plains can be found, where thousands of domestic animals graze on the thin grasslands. Three million sheep are raised in huge estancias. Suddenly, however, the landscape changes. Hills appear, covered by forests that become denser towards the south. Here, rainfall also increases, allowing lush vegetation to develop. - 1973

This picture is a document. It depicts Angela Loij, who was born sometime between 1896 and 1898 on the estancia “La Sara” (Tierra del Fuego province). This woman is the last survivor from the Ona-lndian tribe, who inhabited a large part of Tierra del Fuego not so long ago. Angela Loij lives in a modest little house in Río Grande, the second largest town on the island, with the support of some clergymen who have settled in the area. The Ona hunted on foot. They consumed the meat of guanacos, foxes, birds and seals, but also shellfish, mushrooms, wild fruits and berries. They built conical, portable huts out of branches and covered them with skins. To protect themselves from the cold, they greased their bodies. The Ona lived in small groups of only about twenty people. - 1973

The dusty track of National Road 3 between Puerto San Julián and Puerto Santa Cruz - Patagonia - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

Low tide on the beach of the Atlantic Ocean at the provincial border south of Comodoro Rivadavia. View towards the northeast - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

Barren landscape on the way to Puerto San Julián on the Antlantic coast - Santa Cruz province - 1973

Flock of sheep on the Río Gallegos - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

Letterbox of the Estancia La Tapera - in the background the Río Chico - Province Santa Cruz - 1973

Ushuaia (Tierra del Fuego province) is the southernmost city on earth. It was built on the northern bank of the Beagle Channel. Its foundation dates back to 1862, the work of Reverend Waite Hockin Sterling, who came to this deserted area to protect the Indians against the bad treatment they were subjected to by the whites. Ushuaia is on Argentinean soil. On the other side of the channel, you can see islands that belong to Chile. Cape Horn is not far away. Buenos Aires, on the other hand, lies 3218 kilometres by road to the north ... For about fifty years, Ushuaia served as a penal colony. Today it has about five thousand inhabitants. The port is frequented by ships of small and medium tonnage as well as by sailing boats, whose owners sometimes sail around the world all by themselves. Tourists are rare in Ushuaia. The city's strategic location is important. The Argentine army maintains an air force and naval base here. - 1973

Ushuaia (Tierra del Fuego province) is the southernmost city on earth. It was built on the northern bank of the Beagle Channel. Its foundation dates back to 1862, the work of Reverend Waite Hockin Sterling, who came to this deserted area to protect the Indians against the bad treatment they were subjected to by the whites. Ushuaia is on Argentinean soil. Cape Horn is not far away. Buenos Aires, on the other hand, lies 3218 kilometres by road to the north ... For about fifty years, Ushuaia served as a penal colony. Today it has about five thousand inhabitants. The port is frequented by ships of small and medium tonnage as well as by sailing boats, whose owners sometimes sail around the world all by themselves. Tourists are rare in Ushuaia. The city's strategic location is important. The Argentine army maintains an air force and naval base here. - 1973

View of Ushuaia, the southernmost city in the world. - 1973

This decommissioned ship is anchored near Ushuaia. - 1973

On the way to Estancia Sofía - Río Gallegos Region - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

At the east end of Lago Fagnano in the region of Hostería Kaiken - Province of Santa Cruz - 1973

At Lago Argentino in the Calafate region. There are indigenous pictograms on the rocks. In the background the Andes. - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

Disused wheels on the edge of the Río La Leona - in the background Cerro Fortalezza 722m - Calafate Region - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

Río La Leona with Cerro Fortaleza, 722m. - Calafate Region - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

Horse skeleton in the pampas north of Río Turbio on the way to Calafate. - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

After a heavy rain on the track from Camarones to Bahia Bustamante - Chubut Province - 1973

Travelling flea market in Commodoro Rivadavia - Chubut Province - 1973

A goods train on an unguarded level crossing near Lepa station - Chubut province - 1973

Steam locomotive with coal trailer in Río Turbio - Province of Santa Cruz - 1973

A few kilometres outside Ushuaia is the southernmost national park on earth, where nature has retained all its authenticity. It is forbidden to hunt, fish or cut wood. It is teeming with water birds, predators, hares. Still lakes shine in the most glorious colours. A snow mountain, EI Condor, rises from the park and forms the border between Argentina and Chile, to which the western part of Tierra del Fuego belongs. Argentina has many national parks. - 1973

Mountain range in the region around Ushuaia - Tierra del Fuego ARG - 1973

On the Río Pipo southwest of Ushuaia - Tierra del Fuego ARG - 1973

These iron wheels can be found on the Río Pipo in the Argentinean part of Tierra del Fuego. Monte Susana in the background. - 1973

In recent years, a lively trade has developed between Ushuaia and various ports around the world. In the city's shops you can buy alcoholic beverages, clothes made of synthetic fibres, electrical appliances and cameras at unrivalled prices. The main customers are sailors in transit. Many of the inhabitants of Ushuaia earn their living through trade. The quays are busy at all hours of the day and night. Large bales of wool are waiting to be loaded. Each one bears the name of the estancia from which it came. Men are constantly rushing back and forth between the ships and the goods stacked in the harbour. A ship from Italy has anchored in the bay of Ushuaia. Immediately, the cargo of about six thousand sheep is brought on board. This is no easy task, because the animals are scattered all over the place. Each of them represents a value of about eighty francs. Beyond the canal, on its southern bank, the imposing outline of the island of Navarino can be seen, which is in Chilean possession. - 1973

There are huge flocks of sheep in Patagonia. Not the meat but the wool is the main purpose of sheep farming. One sheep yields four to five kilos of wool. After shearing, this is pressed into bales weighing about 200 kilograms and wrapped in cloth. In the port of Río Grande, these bales are shipped to Europe. - 1973

There are huge flocks of sheep in Patagonia. Not the meat but the wool is the main purpose of sheep farming. One sheep yields four to five kilos of wool. After shearing, it is pressed into bales weighing about 200 kilograms and wrapped in a cloth on which a worker writes the name of the estancia. - Estancia “Las Toscas” in the province of Santa Cruz. - 1976

Lake Brazo Rico near Calafate - in the background you can already see the Perito Moreno glacier. - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

Rainbow over Lake Brazo Rico near Calafate - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

The northern arm of Lake Brazo Rico near Calafate - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

At the northern arm of the lake Brazo Rico near Calafate with a dead tree and two water birds - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

Landscape at the eastern end of Lago Argentino. In the background the Andes. - Calafate Region - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

The western part of Patagonia is formed by the Andes Cordillera, which represents an insurmountable barrier in some sections. The winds blow from the Pacific in an almost unchanging direction. The clouds they bring accumulate above the high mountain peaks and cause abundant precipitation. This explains why, despite their low altitude, glaciers of sometimes enormous dimensions extend along the eastern flank of the Andes. In the Los Glaciares National Park (Santa Cruz Province) lies the Argentino, the Silver Lake, one of the most beautiful lakes in this southern region. The town of Calafate on its southern shore is visited by more and more tourists. Several glaciers can be seen nearby. One is called Uppsala and is 40 kilometres long. An equally famous one is called Perito Moreno. - On the picture you can recognise the author of these photos: Maximilien Bruggmann. - 1973

The western part of Patagonia is formed by the Andes Cordillera, which represents an insurmountable barrier in some sections. The winds blow from the Pacific in an almost unchanging direction. The clouds they bring accumulate above the high mountain peaks and cause abundant precipitation. This explains why, despite their low altitude, glaciers of sometimes enormous dimensions extend along the eastern flank of the Andes. In the Los Glaciares National Park (Santa Cruz Province) lies the Argentino, the Silver Lake, one of the most beautiful lakes in this southern region. The town of Calafate on its southern shore is visited by more and more tourists. Several glaciers can be seen nearby. One is called Uppsala and is 40 kilometres long. An equally famous one is called Perito Moreno. Navigation on the Silver Lake is dangerous, if only because of the wind and the storms that are frequent in the Cordillera. Nature, preserved in its authenticity, attracts many scientists who can devote themselves to their studies here. - 1973

The Argentine Antarctic covers an area of 1,230,000 square kilometres, a world of ice and rocks that is still largely unexplored. Only a few have had the courage and endurance to venture into this inhospitable region, where dangers threaten and temperatures are extremely low. Already in certain sections of the Andes Cordillera, especially in the southernmost part, one feels this impression of solitude. You only have to make the trip to the Perito Moreno glacier to convince yourself of this. This magnificent glacier owes its name to an Argentinean naturalist. It is 17 kilometres long and at least three kilometres wide, with a front height of 70 metres. Here at the glacier break-off, blocks of ice are constantly breaking away and plummeting into the depths with a deafening roar. They then float as icebergs through Lake Argentino. The Perito Moreno glacier advances four metres a year - a consequence of the heavy precipitation on the peaks of the southernmost Andes. - 1973

An Indian woman from the province of Neuquén. She belongs to the Araucaniens, who live on both sides of the border between Argentina and Chile. The silver jewellery worn by the women of this ethnic group is remarkable. - 1973

Tobacco pouch made of ñandú leather (South American ostrich). This wild animal abounds in Patagonia; it is smaller than its African counterpart. The object has a length of 35 centimetres. It is decorated with small silver nails, which form symbolic designs (Museo de la Patagonia, Bariloche, Río Negro). - 1973

The nguillatun is the most important festival of the Araucan Indians. This photo was taken in San Martín de los Andes (province of Neuquén), without the knowledge of the natives for whom the festival has a sacred meaning. - 1973

Fitz Roy 3405 m), one of the most beautiful Argentinean Andean peaks, rises in the Los Glaciares National Park (Santa Cruz province). Because of the harsh weather that prevails in the mountains, it is dangerous to climb. - 1973

Fitz Roy (3375 m), one of the most beautiful Argentinean Andean peaks, rises in the Los Glaciares National Park (Santa Cruz province). Because of the harsh weather that prevails in the mountains, it is dangerous to climb. - 1973

Guanacos grazing on the pampas. The Fitz Roy massif in the background. - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

On the Estancia Santa Margarita. In the background the Fitz Roy massif. - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

San Carlos de Bariloche in the province of Río Negro is one of the most famous holiday resorts in Argentina, along with Mar del Plata. Even in neighbouring countries, in the United States and in Europe, people talk about it. An 1800-kilometre asphalt road provides the connection to Buenos Aires. The city was built on the shores of the famous Lake Nahuel Huapi. In summer and winter, thousands of tourists from all provinces of the country and from abroad crowd the streets. They have displaced the Araucanians, who were once the unchallenged masters of the whole area. San Carlos de Bariloche is something like a small capital in the mountains. There are picturesque little houses here, but also skyscrapers and ostentatious buildings, which contribute to the fact that the place is getting uglier and uglier. Diversions include fishing, sailing, swimming, golf and, in winter, skiing. Lake Nahuel Huapi lends its name to a huge national park where you can find plant species peculiar to the region and wildlife, including deer. - 1973

The cobbled main square of San Carlos de Bariloche. - Neuquén Province - 1973

El Chocón is the fourth of five dams on the Río Limay in the northwestern part of Patagonia in Argentina. The reservoir lies on the border of the provinces of Neuquén and Río Negro and is the largest hydropower plant in Patagonia. It is used to monitor and control the flow of the Río Limay to the Río Negro. The water is also used for irrigation. - 1973

62 kilometres away from San Carlos de Bariloche, on the banks of the Limay River, lies Valle Encantado, a place with a special magic. Surrounded by mountains and rock formations that, letting the imagination run wild, come to life in the eyes of the beholder. - Neuquén Province - 1973

62 kilometres away from San Carlos de Bariloche, on the banks of the Limay River, lies Valle Encantado, a place with a special magic. Surrounded by mountains and rock formations that, letting the imagination run wild, come to life in the eyes of the beholder. . Neuquén Province - 1973

Lake Espejo is a lake of glacial tectonic origin located in the department of Los Lagos in the province of Neuquén, Argentina. It is near the town of Villa La Angostura and is part of the Seven Lakes Road. Its name is due to the fact that its calm and clean waters reflect the landscapes of its shores like a mirror. It is fed by the melt water from the surrounding mountains through several streams that flow into it. Its shores alternate volcanic sandy beaches, reed beds and steep rocky areas. - 1973

The estancia is a small town. It includes many different buildings. Sometimes there is even a school, which is attended by the children of the farm workers. This saves the pupils the trip to the next village, which is often dozens of kilometres away. A single teacher teaches the little ones and the big ones. Our picture was taken during the break in the school of the estancia “Palitué” (Neuquén province). Little José Luis Jimenéz, son of a peon, drinks his cup of milk. - 1973

Gauchos from the Palitué estancia (province of Neuquén) go to the corral (cattle park) where all the domestic animals on the estate are kept. They will carry out a strict selection of them. They dedicate themselves to this work whenever they are not called upon to carry out other tasks. But, in one case as in others, the gauchos always travel on horseback, which is their favourite means of transport, very rarely setting foot on land. They carry with them the accessories they need to do their work. - 1973

Cows from the Palitué estancia (province of Neuquén), which have just given birth to their young, are gathered in the corral. The gauchos will soon make their appearance in order to carry out work of the utmost importance. It is a matter of separating the heifers from their mothers, which is not without its difficulties. Then the cows are taken back by the gauchos to their respective pastures where they will eventually gain the necessary weight. To achieve this, they need to be perfectly quiet, hence the cruel necessity to take their offspring away from them. The pastures are chosen for the quality of their grass. Finally, the cows are sent by truck to the slaughterhouses and the meat is kept in the capital's refrigerators. These measures are justified by the fact that Argentines have a predominantly meat diet. But it should also be pointed out that the production and sale of meat abroad is one of the main economic activities of the Argentine nation. - 1973

The gaucho's task is both arduous and dangerous. It is the result of a long tradition which dates back to the beginning of the colonisation of the pampas. It requires skill, patience, endurance and a great deal of security of movement. These essential qualities are put to good use especially when sorting the animals inside the corral. The constant coming and going of the animals is not made to facilitate the movement of the gaucho. In addition, the dust that rises from the corral floor forms clouds in which people and animals seem to get lost. But the gaucho and his horse are one and the same, because they have been used to this kind of exercise for a long time. This agreement also exists between the different gauchos who work in an estancia. The daily task involves a lot of discipline on the part of the men. These conditions must be observed every time the animals are grouped together, taken to the pasture or sorted out. - 1973

The great rivers that run through Patagonia have their source in the Andes. The gradient is gentle, and the watercourses take their time before pouring into the Atlantic Ocean. But in the rainy season, when the storms rage in the peaks of the Cordillera, the rivers swell. Then floods threaten people, animals and crops. The inhabitants of both banks use the many fords as river crossings. The photograph shows a scene that used to be characteristic of life in the pampas, but is becoming increasingly rare today as a result of Argentina's economic development: A herd of four hundred Hereford cattle is being driven through the Río Alumine (Neuquén province) and taken to the next estancia. These transports are increasingly carried out with the help of trucks, at least where bridges allow the rapid crossing of Patagonia's rivers and streams. - 1973

This horse-drawn cart has obviously not been used for a long time - Estancia Palitué - Neuquén Province - 1975

From one province of Argentina to another, the gauchos dress somewhat differently. However, there are essential elements in their clothing and in the accessories they carry with them that can be found everywhere. The photo shows us, seen from behind, a gaucho from the province of Buenos Aires. Tirador or rastra are two words that designate the belt. The belt is often decorated with medals and old coins. The facón (knife), slipped into the belt, is made of chased silver. In other parts of the pampas, however, it is a common kitchen knife. - 1973

Here we are in the estancia known as Villa Maria. This large estate belongs to the province of Buenos Aires. It is the day of the remate, an important event in the life of the Argentinean pampas. The owners of the estancias sell some of their best cattle at public auction. Each participant will then be invited to a big meal. The preparation of this meal is not a simple task, due to the large number of guests who arrive at lunchtime. Meat is included in every meal, both in the country and in the city. A soup was offered to the participants. The empty plates form an impressive heap on the grass of the meadow. Beef quarters were attached to long metal stakes and placed in front of the embers of the fireplace. It is the asado, a typical dish of Argentinean cuisine, which delights tourists as much as the locals. This asado will be accompanied, as it should be, by delicious wines produced in the country. - 1973

The remate is in full swing in the Villa Maria estancia (Buenos Aires province). The event takes place inside a circular enclosure around which all the participants have gathered. The participants did not hesitate to travel several hundred kilometres to get to the remate. Most of them took a small plane to facilitate their travel. The large estates of Patagonia and the pampas are equipped with an airfield. Private planes allow fast connections between the estancias. They also make direct connections possible between the most remote estancias and the nation's capital. During the remate, the horned beasts are sold at public auction. The owners take their animals around the enclosure several times under the critical eye of the participants. The auctioneer leads the sale. He too is a great cattle connoisseur. Bulls are sold by piece or in pairs. In other cases, the owner gets rid of a whole lot of animals. Each remate is a feast, which is accompanied by a meal offered to the guests. - 1973

A Jesuit who came from Chile introduced the vine to Argentina in 1556. However, it was not until the 19th century that winegrowing took off considerably and became one of the country's most important food industries. The provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, Córdoba, Río Negro, San Luis and Salta are the wine-growing regions par excellence in Argentina. The total area covered by vineyards is almost 300,000 hectares. The annual wine production for all the provinces mentioned amounts to approximately 30 million hectolitres. Argentina is the fourth largest wine producer in the world. The most modern facilities are located in Mendoza, where winemaking has developed in a truly spectacular way. For the whole country, the grape harvest takes place during the month of March, at the end of the southern summer. A festive atmosphere prevails in all the localities concerned. The wine is put into wooden or cement fermentation vats. The alcohol content of Argentinean wine is 12.5 degrees. The old man in the photo is a connoisseur of the new wine. It illustrates the friendly fondness that Argentines have for a drink that is found at every meal. - 1973

Wine barrels at Barbita Abdala's 'Bodega El Recreo' in Cafayate - Salta Province - 1973

The famous Andean train connects Buenos Aires to Santiago de Chile. It passes over high passes and through wilderness areas. Such is the case of Puente del Inca and Las Cuevas (Mendoza province). In winter, snowfalls are frequent and the train is sometimes blocked for several days. The railway runs along a track once used by the Incas. - 1973

Cemetery on the top of the pass at ‘Puente del Inca’ between Mendoza and Santiago - 1973

The Andes Cordillera is the backbone of the South American continent, forming at certain points an impassable barrier. It establishes the natural border between the eastern, low-lying areas and the Pacific coastline, which extends westwards for thousands of kilometres. The Aconcagua (approx. 7,000 metres), dear to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, is the highest peak in the Andes mountain range. It rises majestically between Argentina and Chile. It is usually covered with clouds. Its ascent has tempted many andinists - the name given to mountaineers. However, it presents serious dangers. - 1973

The construction of the imposing cathedral on Plaza San Martin in the Argentine city of Córdoba began in the 16th century. Its completion took over 200 years (until 1782) and went through several architectural eras, which are reflected in the different styles of the monumental cathedral. Like other monumental buildings from the colonial era that are well worth seeing, the Roman Catholic church is located directly on the central square of Córdoba, Plaza San Martin. The square is truly the center of the city, because all of Córdoba's house numbers are counted from its northwest corner. - 1973

The construction of the imposing cathedral on Plaza San Martin in the Argentine city of Córdoba began in the 16th century. Its completion took over 200 years (until 1782) and went through several architectural eras, which are reflected in the different styles of the monumental cathedral. Like other monumental buildings from the colonial era that are well worth seeing, the Roman Catholic church is located directly on the central square of Cordoba, Plaza San Martin. The square is truly the center of the city, because all of Cordoba's house numbers are counted from its northwest corner. - 1973

Ox cart at the Secundo Nazario Hacienda, Villa Aberastain - San Juan Province - 1973

Argentina has a road network which in many provinces is in good condition. It allows for relatively fast travel, which is particularly appreciated as the distances between cities are enormous. Some roads extend as far as the southern regions. Others cross the pampas. Still others run along the Andes or set out to conquer the formidable mountain range. One of the latter links Buenos Aires to Santiago de Chile, via passes at an altitude of over 4,000 metres. Very often these roads are not asphalted. Terrible natural obstacles hamper their maintenance. The National Road No. 40 follows the eastern flank of the Andes mountain range. It is the busiest road between Río Gallegos (province of Santa Cruz) and La Quiaca (province of Jujuy). It covers a distance of almost 4,500 kilometres. Avalanches and landslides interrupt this road. The landscape in the Calchaquies valley is desert-like. The rocks are reminiscent of backwash, hence the name of Corte el Ventisquero, given to this area of Salta. - 1973

A mine train brings the ore to the smelting plant in San Antonio de los Cobres - Province of Salta - 1975

The landscape between Cachi and Molinos (province of Salta) is characteristic. There is a plain where vegetation is scarce. The famous candelabra cactus (Saguaro) are among the best-represented species in the area. - 1975

The landscape between Cachi and Molinos (province of Salta) is characteristic. There is a plain where vegetation is scarce. The famous candelabra cactus (Saguaro) are among the best-represented species in the area. - 1973

A gaucho from the Campo Alegre estancia approaches us. He crosses the grassy plain of the province of Salta. The lasso and the guardamontes are made of leather. These last pieces protect the rider's legs from the thorny bushes that grow in this desert region of Argentina. His red woollen poncho shows a black band that was added by the weavers as a sign of mourning at the death of the caudillo Martin Miguel de Güemes, a native of the province of Salta. The bolas are hardly used today because of the accidents they caused, but they are present in the gaucho's saddle. - 1973

The landscape between Cachi and Molinos (province of Salta) is characteristic. There is a plain where vegetation is scarce. The famous candelabra cactus (Saguaro) are among the best-represented species in the area. - 1973

Young girl from Abra Pampa (province of Jujuy). In this place, the Andean Indian type dominates. - 1973

The church in the village of Humahuaca (province of Jujuy) is of colonial type. It is an ancient place, already frequented in pre-Columbian times, as evidenced by the partially restored ruins of Tilcara. - 1973

View of the small village of Catua in the province of Jujuy on the way over the Huaitiquina Pass to Antofagasta. - 1975

Archaeological discoveries have been numerous in the northwestern provinces of Argentina. The picture shows a female figure in terracotta, 31 centimetres high. This object belongs to the Condorhuasi culture (Museo Calchaquí, Catamarca). - 1973

The object shown here is a polished, red clay vase with black decorations and a vertical handle. Its diameter is 13 centimetres. It belongs to the Inca Paya culture (Museo arqueológico de Cachi, province of Salta). - 1973

Many pre-Columbian objects have been discovered in tombs, hence their religious character. This ritual bronze bell, decorated with anthropomorphic figures, is from the Santa Maria culture (Catamarca). The object is 22.5 centimetres high (Museo de Cachi, Province of Salta). - 1973

Among the traditional pieces collected from pre-Columbian burials, we should mention this grey stone mask with red decorations on the cheeks. It belongs to the Selen culture (Catamarca). It is 29.5 centimetres high (Museo Calchaqui, Catamarca province). - 1973

Tired of the long hike, you can relax comfortably, even if you are an obstacle on the road to Jujuy. - 1973

Small church near San Fernando in the Catamarca valley. - 1973

Bells of a small church near San Fernando in the Catamarca Valley. - 1973

Landscape near Tres Cruces in the northwest of the Jujui Province. - 1973

Landscape near Tres Cruces in the northwest of the Jujuy Province. - 1973

Landscape with llamas near Tres Cruces in the northwest of the Jujui Province. - 1973

These horse-drawn vehicles will probably no longer exist today; they will have replaced them long ago. - Tucumán Province - 1973

Sugar cane is grown in the region of Villa Belgrano in the province of Tucumán. - 1973

'Pucará de Tilcara' is one of the most important archaeological sites in Northern Argentina, created from the site of an old Indian defensive village of the Tilcara Indians. It is located at an extremely good strategic point above the 'Quebrada de Humahuaca' canyon, where the Inca Road crosses. It is located at an altitude of 2450 m, one kilometer south of the city of Tilcara on a hill 80 m above the Río Grande in the province of Jujuy. - 1973

Maimara Cemetery ("Star that falls" in the omaguaca language), located in the department of Tilcara in the province of Jujuy. Its geographical environment belongs to the Humahuaca ravine, and its main characteristic is the polychromy of its hills. The Río Grande runs a few meters from there. - 1973

The historical monument Posta de la Angostura is a post dating from colonial times, located in the middle of Quebrada de Humahuaca, within the department of Tilcara, in the province of Jujuy. - 1973

Humahuaca in the north of the Jujuy Province - the boy Juanito is sitting on a Coca Cola box and selling his pottery. - 1973

On June 24th there is an alms harvest for San Juan in Jujuy. - 1973

During the conquest of South America, the Spaniards brought with them plant species that the Indians of the continent did not know yet: wheat, rye, barley, etc. The introduction of these plants went hand in hand with the introduction of new working methods. In the large estancias, the machine made its appearance. On the other hand, everywhere else, the farmers still used old techniques, which is why we have some very beautiful scenes, on a human scale. Peasants fanning porrotos (white beans) growing in the Sierra de Zapata (Catamarca). - 1973

The looms of pre-Columbian times consisted of four stakes planted in the ground. The Spaniards introduced the voluminous pedal loom, which was immediately adopted by the natives. It was mainly used to make fabrics of certain dimensions and a single colour. Beautiful red wool ponchos are woven in Molinos (Salta). They are worn by the locals or sold to tourists. - 1973

The folk music of the north-western provinces of Argentina is of remarkable diversity. Its origins date back to pre-Columbian times, but the influences of Western music are also clearly visible. This folklore has its followers among the foreigners as well as the natives. This Indian beats a small drum and sings, surrounded by colleagues and spectators. It is the eve of the Salta city festival in memory of the hero of the wars of independence, Martin Miguel de Güemes, a famous son of this province. - 1973

The city of Salta was founded by the Spanish in 1582. It lies at an altitude of 1187 m above sea level. The Church of San Francisco shows Spanish colonial style. - 1973

June 17th is a big day in the city of Salta. A popular festival celebrates the memory of an almost legendary figure, the popular leader Martin Miguel de Güemes, who died in 1821. Thousands of gauchos parade through the streets of the provincial capital. - 1973

The gauchos of Salta wear a flat hat reminiscent of the headgear of the Andalusians. - 1973

Girl from a family of zafreros living in the region of Tucumán. Sugar cane is the agricultural wealth of this province. But Tucumán is also considered the garden of the country. Rainfall is high, so a rich flora thrives. However, with its 22,524 square kilometres, Tucumán is the smallest province in the country. Sugar production reaches more than one million tonnes annually. The cañeros work on their own account. The zafra (harvest) takes place between June and September. - 1973

Hornos fijos (ovens) of the coalmen of Chaco. These constructions have a diameter of about 10 metres and a height of 4 metres. They can be found in the monte, the dense forest of the province. The hornos fijos are used to make charcoal. - 1973

In the monte, in the north of Santa Fe province, the locals beat the quebracho colourado. This is a tree about 25 metres high and with an average diameter of one and a half metres. The heartwood is rich in tannin, which is used in industry. - 1973

This horse-drawn vehicle will probably no longer exist today either; it will have replaced trucks a long time ago. - Between Goya and Esquina - Corrientes Province - 1973

The landscape in the north of Argentina exerts a great fascination on all travellers who pass through this area. Here they will also find a natural wonder: the world-famous lguassú Falls in the heart of the jungle, in the extreme north of the province of Misiones. They plunge 70 metres in no less than two hundred and seventy-five waterfalls forming a three-kilometre-long arc. The source of the lguassú is in Brazil. - 1973

The water network in Argentina is widely ramified. Large rivers run through the country. Most of them have their source in the Andes Cordillera. At times they flood, especially during the southern summer, when the rain pours down almost incessantly on the heights of the Sierra. From the eastern foot of the Andes to the coastal strip of the Atlantic Ocean stretches a wide plain with a very slight gradient. Here, the watercourses meander lazily before pouring into the sea. On its banks, humans found a home and could devote himself to agriculture. These conditions apply primarily to the southern provinces. In the north, on the other hand, the climate is characterised by frequent rainfall, which causes rivers and streams to swell. Many waterways are navigable and play a not insignificant role in transport. The vegetation is tropical, with an endless variety of plants, some of which are used industrially. The landscape exerts a great fascination on all travellers who pass through this area. Here they will also find a natural wonder: the world-famous lguassú Falls in the heart of the jungle, in the extreme north of the province of Misiones. They plunge 70 metres in no less than two hundred and seventy-five waterfalls forming a three-kilometre-long arc. The source of the lguassú is in Brazil. - 1973

Fabien Romero, called Chavi, is an old hunter and used to be an Indian slayer. He lives on the estancia “Miraflores” (Santa Fe province) and is said to be 112 to 115 years old. Like all Argentines, he likes to sip his mate tea. - 1973

A lumberjack from the north of the Santa Fe province enjoys his earned mate. - 1973

Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is the “green gold” of the province of Misiones, which has a tropical climate. The plantations of hierba mate cover an area of 200,000 hectares and yield an annual production of 95,000 tonnes. The zones where this shrub thrives are called hierbales. It takes four years for the plant to reach maturity. Each bush yields thirty kilos of green leaves, which results in ten kilos of dried leaves. It can be used for fifty years. The herb is used to brew the national drink, a refreshing, stimulating tea. - 1973

A hierbal near EI Dorado (Misiones province), whose current owners are from Switzerland. These two men, the tareferos, fill a raido with mate branches. One such bale - the jute fabric is called ponchada - weighs a hundred kilos. - 1973

In the 17th century, the Jesuits settled in the province of Misiones and founded reservations for the Indians. The crumbling church of San Ignacio Miní dates from that time. - 1973

In the 17th century, the Jesuits settled in the province of Misiones and founded reservations for the Indians. The crumbling church of San Ignacio Miní dates from that time. A strangler fig clings to a wall. - 1973

In the 17th century, the Jesuits settled in the province of Misiones and founded reservations for the Indians. The portal of the crumbling church of San Ignacio Mini dates from that time. - 1973

The majority of Paraguay's Indians are Guaranis. You also meet them in the Argentinean province of Misiones. This indigenous woman is sitting outside her house, weaving a basket. - 1973

The majority of Paraguay's Indians are Guaranis. You also meet them in the Argentinean province of Misiones. This indigenous man is sitting outside her house, weaving a basket. - 1973

A Guarani girl at the mission station of Padre José Marx SVD in San Ignacio - Province of Missiones - 1973

A Guarani boy at the mission station of Padre José Marx SVD in San Ignacio - Province of Missiones - 1973

The province of Corrientes is one of the most agriculturally fertile in Argentina. This is thanks to a climate whose temperatures always remain within pleasant limits and a rainfall that reaches 1800 millimetres in certain years. This zone in the north of the country also includes the province of Misiones. There are many population centres there. The inhabitants plant tobacco, rice, coffee, tropical fruits and hierba mate. But they also engage in cattle breeding. The large rivers allow some of the transport to be done by water. One only has to think of the Uruguay, which is 1812 kilometres long and twelve kilometres wide at its mouth. The abundance of rain has created numerous swamps and marshes, which have become a paradise for countless species of water birds and wild animals, an Eldorado for every nature lover. Horses can also be found here, going out to pasture. - 1973

The Río Paraná near the city of San Ignacio, known for the ruins of the Jesuit reduction of San Ignacio Miní, the remains of which are among the best preserved from this historical period. - Misiones province - 1973

Palm grove between Goya and Esquina - Corrientes province - 1973

The Puente General Manuel Belgrano is a road bridge over the Río Paraná that connects the Argentine cities of Resistencia in the province of Chaco and Corrientes in the province of the same name. Construction of the bridge 1968-1973. - 1973

On this chair, a gaucho has laid out his indispensable daily utensils: the chambergo (hat), the bolas, the leather lasso, the riding whip, the facón (knife), the tirador (belt), the stirrups, the bombilla and the mate. - 1973

A capataz of the estancia “La Amalia” (Entre Ríos province) with one of his children. The number of gauchos on the estates is quite large. They are placed under the orders of a supervisor, the capataz, who enjoys the confidence of the owner. - 1973

Night slowly descends on the estancia “La Mimosa” (Entre Ríos province). The moment has come to round up the cows that were separated from their calves a few months earlier. This segregation was done by the cattle farmers to ensure a quiet life for the cows on preferential pastures. The task is difficult, and many gauchos are involved. The same scenes take place on every estancia in the pampas. They show stages in a cycle of important work on which a large part of the national economy depends. - 1973

Hundreds of cattle have been brought by the gauchos from their pastures to the estancia. They are then loaded onto trucks bound for Liniers in Buenos Aires. Cows from almost all Argentine provinces can be seen at this assembly point. The herds pass in front of the experts in dense rows. You can recognise representatives of the Hereford, Shorthorn, Aberdeen Angus, Holando and Cruza breeds. An estimated 15 000 to 18 000 head of cattle are sold every day. - 1973

The first cold stores were built in Argentina in 1883. This technical advance had a considerable impact on the country's economy, because the freezing plants allowed meat to be preserved in a country that was already almost entirely oriented towards meat production at that time. As early as 1878, refrigerated ships facilitated the export of meat to many parts of the world. The capital's freezers are equipped with modern facilities. Strict hygiene is the top priority. - 1973

Argentines are increasingly drawn to sports like football. Sunday after Sunday, thousands of aficionados (fans) flock to the stadiums of the capital and the provincial cities. Incidentally, they share this predilection with other South Americans. Nevertheless, the horse has not been forgotten. The old gaucho tradition exerts an irresistible spell on Argentines. This explains why a sport like polo could achieve great importance in this country. Polo, invented by the English as colonial masters in India, is played in Argentina by the wealthy class. - 1973

Folk festival of the doma at the headquarters of the Palermo agricultural cooperative (Buenos Aires). On Saturdays and Sundays, gauchos from the province and nearby areas come to produce in front of an enthusiastic crowd. The doma is a kind of rodeo. The rider wants to stay in the saddle as long as possible. The horse is blindfolded until the moment it is released. It makes every effort to throw the rider off. - 1973

Alberto Biocca, president of the Grupo tradicionalista of Ayacucho in the province of Buenos Aires, is a master of the lasso. - 1976

Gaucho from the Salta region, taken on 17 June 1973 during the celebrations for the anniversary of the death of Martin Miguel de Güemes.

Criollos not yet broken in, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Estancia Do Tigre. - 1976

Aberdeen-Angus cattle, Estancia El Cardal, Ayacucho, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. - 1975

Separating the calves from their mothers. Tomorrow the «yerra» begins. Estancia de Palitué, Neuquén Province, Argentina. - 1975

A new galpón (shelter) is built on the Estancia La Teresa, Neuquén Province. – 1973

The red-hot branding irons are ready for marking the calves. - Estancia Santa Julia, Province Neuquén - 1976

The red-hot branding irons are ready for marking the calves. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén - 1975

The "volteadores" throw the calves to the ground and hold them under the bite of the glowing metal. - Estancia La Mimosa, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

The "volteadores" throw the calves to the ground and hold them under the bite of the glowing metal. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén. - 1975

The «volteadores» throw the calf to the ground and hold it while the emerging horns are removed and the young animal is marked.- Estancia La Amalia, Province Entre Ríos - 1973

The "descornador" spends a day on his knees in the dust to remove the emerging horns of the calves with a chisel and hammer. The kid leather leggings are not asking too much ... the branding is done at the same time. While the irons are red-hot in a makeshift brazier, the "volteadores" throw the calves to the ground and hold them under the bite of the red-hot metal. Young bulls that are not intended for breeding are castrated in the same operation. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén - 1975

Instead of branding, the veterinarian applies an ear tag. - Estancia La Amalia, Province Entre Ríos - 1973

The "descornador" spends a day on his knees in the dust, using a chisel and hammer to remove the calves' emerging horns. Young bulls that are not intended for breeding are castrated in the same operation. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén. - 1975

The "descornador" spends a day on his knees in the dust to remove the emerging horns of the calves with a chisel and hammer. The kid leather leggings are not asking too much ... - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

It took hours of patience and tireless attention to drive the young cattle into the corral of the Estancia of Palitué. - Province Neuquén. - 1975

It took hours of patience and tireless attention to drive the young cattle into the corral of the Estancia of Palitué. - Province Neuquén. - 1973

It took hours of patience and tireless attention to drive the young cattle into the corral of the Estancia of Palitué. - 1973

It took hours of patience and tireless attention to drive the young cattle into the corral of the Estancia of Palitué. - Provinzce Neuquén - 1973

It took hours of patience and tireless attention to drive the young cattle into the corral of the Estancia of Palitué. - Province Neuquén. - 1973

It takes a lot of patience and tireless attention to drive the young cattle out of the pampas into the corral of the Estancia of Palitué. - Province Neuquén - 1975

It takes a lot of patience and tireless attention to drive the young cattle out of the pampas into the corral of the Estanzia of Palitué. - Province Neuquén. - 1975

Clear, bay or chestnut, Argentinian horses are generally of the "Criolla" breed, descendants of horses of Berber origin, which the first Spanish conquerors brought with them and which pushed into the wild in the vastness of the pampas. “Found” in Patagonia by Emilio Solanet, they are now raised as pure as possible on his Estancia EI Cardal. - Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

Clear, bay or chestnut, Argentinian horses are generally of the "Criolla" breed, descendants of horses of Berber origin, which the first Spanish conquerors brought with them and which pushed into the wild in the vastness of the pampas. “Found” in Patagonia by Emilio Solanet, they are now raised as pure as possible on his Estancia EI Cardal. - 1976

Clear, bay or chestnut, Argentinian horses are generally of the "Criolla" breed, descendants of horses of Berber origin, which the first Spanish conquerors brought with them and which pushed into the wild in the vastness of the pampas. “Found” in Patagonia by Emilio Solanet, they are now raised as pure as possible on his Estancia EI Cardal. - Estancia Do Tigre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - 1976

In Salta in northwest Argentina, the Spanish colonial style is still omnipresent, even though one of the decisive movements of the Argentine War of Liberation, the Gaucho Uprising, broke out here around 1810. Martin Miguel de Güemes, the leader of the rebellious gauchos, lives on in all hearts here, and the anniversary of his death (17 June 1821) sees all the gauchos of the surrounding area in red poncho (with the black ribbon of mourning), adventurously deformed sombrero and sweeping guardamontes. - 1973

In Salta in northwest Argentina, the Spanish colonial style is still omnipresent, even though one of the decisive movements of the Argentine War of Liberation, the Gaucho Uprising, broke out here around 1810. Martin Miguel de Güemes, the leader of the rebellious gauchos, lives on in all hearts here, and the anniversary of his death (17 June 1821) sees all the gauchos of the surrounding area in red poncho (with the black ribbon of mourning), adventurously deformed sombrero and sweeping guardamontes. The applause is sure to go to the one who looks most like the beloved liberator. - 1973

Only a few of the huge single-axle vehicles that were used to conquer the expanses of the pampas little more than a century ago are still in working order today. - Near Chicligasta, Tucumán Province. - 1973

The troperos, who spent weeks driving the herds to the slaughterhouses on the coast, had to give way to more intensive cattle breeding, but every gaucho still knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. - Estancia Do Tigre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - 1976

Every gaucho knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. Incidentally, these traditional skills also determine the somewhat self-evident hierarchy on the estancias. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén - 1975

Every gaucho knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. Incidentally, these traditional skills also determine the somewhat self-evident hierarchy on the estancias. - Estancia El Cardal, Ayacucho, Buenos Aires Province. - 1976

Every gaucho knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. Incidentally, these traditional skills also determine the somewhat self-evident hierarchy on the estancias. - Estancia Palitué, Neuquén. - 1975

Every gaucho knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. Incidentally, these traditional skills also determine the somewhat self-evident hierarchy on the estancias. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén. - 1975

Every gaucho knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. Incidentally, these traditional skills also determine the somewhat self-evident hierarchy on the estancias. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén - 1975

Every gaucho knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. Incidentally, these traditional skills also determine the somewhat self-evident hierarchy on the estancias. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén. - 1975

Every gaucho knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. Incidentally, these traditional skills also determine the somewhat self-evident hierarchy on the estancias. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

Every gaucho knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. Incidentally, these traditional skills also determine the somewhat self-evident hierarchy on the estancias. - Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1976

Every gaucho knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. Incidentally, these traditional skills also determine the somewhat self-evident hierarchy on the estancias. - Estancia El Dorado, Province Corrientes - 1976

Every gaucho knows how to master the lasso, even if today's methods no longer require it. Incidentally, these traditional skills also determine the somewhat self-evident hierarchy on the estancias. - Estancia El Dorado, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1976

No gaucho without a horse. He deserves his greatest attention, as a saddlecloth that is put on incorrectly can impair the endurance and willingness of your faithful companion. - Estancia Santa Ercilia, Palomas, Salto, Uruguay - 1975

Reason, determination, good nature, violence and tenderness … the whole breadth of human possibilities is reflected in the faces of this people. The racial differences are just as diverse: The gaucho from Salta clearly shows that the gaucho's first wife was an Indian. - 1973

Reason, determination, good nature, violence and tenderness ... the whole breadth of human possibilities is reflected in the faces of this people. The racial differences are just as diverse: Here a gaucho from the Salta region. - 1973

Reason, determination, good nature, violence and tenderness ... the whole breadth of human possibilities is reflected in the faces of this people. The racial differences are just as diverse: the gaucho from southern Brazil testifies to the assimilating power of this melting pot of three skin colors. - 1976

Reason, determination, good nature, violence and tenderness ... the whole breadth of human possibilities is reflected in the faces of this people. The racial differences are just as diverse: The gaucho from Uruguay could also be a Spanish winegrower. - Estancia Santa Ercilia, Palomas, Province Salto, Uruguay - 1975

Not Charles Bronson, but a real gaucho. - Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - 1976

Reason, determination, good nature, violence and tenderness ... the whole breadth of human possibilities is reflected in the faces of this people. The racial differences are just as diverse: Here a gaucho from the Salta region. - 1973

Reason, determination, good nature, violence and tenderness ... the whole breadth of human possibilities is reflected in the faces of this people. The racial differences are just as diverse: Here a capataz of the Estancia “La Amalia” (Entre Ríos province). - 1973

Reason, determination, good nature, violence and tenderness ... the whole breadth of human possibilities is reflected in the faces of this people. The racial differences are just as diverse: Chacho Royo, a gaucho from the Salta region. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

The tradition of the gaucho begins in his youth. - Molinos, Salta Province - 1973

The young women also wear traditional clothing, taken on June 17, 1973 during the celebrations for the anniversary of the death of Martín Miguel de Güemes.

The time of conquests, when new, free and uninhabited plains opened up behind every hill, is over ... - San Antonio de Areco, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

The 20th century gaucho has settled down and usually returns to the estancia in the evening, even if his daily work still involves adventure and danger. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén. - 1973

The boleadoras were the gaucho's first weapon with which he infallibly forced an ostrich (Ñandú) or a bull to the ground within thirty meters. - Estancia La Mimosa, Province Buenos Aires. - 1976

The boleadoras were the gaucho's first weapon with which he infallibly forced a bull to the ground within thirty yards. Although they are still part of the equipment today and maintain their place in custom, they have long since had to give way to the lasso and barbed wire and are hardly used for hunting either. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén. - 1975

The boleadoras were the gaucho's first weapon with which he infallibly forced a bull to the ground within thirty yards. Although they are still part of the equipment today and maintain their place in custom, they have long since had to give way to the lasso and barbed wire and are hardly used for hunting either. - Estancia Santa Ercilia, Palomas, Province Salto, Uruguay - 1975

Except for the animals intended for breeding, all young stallions are castrated, as geldings are more tolerable, calmer and more persistent. The gauchos are only too happy to leave the painful operation to the vet, as they have a much closer relationship with horses than they do with cattle. - Estancia La Catalina, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires. - 1975

Except for the animals intended for breeding, all young stallions are castrated, as geldings are more tolerable, calmer and more persistent. The gauchos are only too happy to leave the painful operation to the vet, as they have a much closer relationship with horses than they do with cattle. - Estancia Amancay, Esquel, Province Chubut - 1973

If the gaucho has more than the bare necessities, he soon becomes the head of a large family. Far from all the comforts of civilisation, the gaucho is also a naïve painter. He leaves the cooking, the cleaning, the weaving to his wife. - Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

If the gaucho has more than the bare necessities, he soon becomes the head of a large family. Far from all the comforts of civilisation, the gaucho is also a naïve painter. He leaves the cooking, the cleaning, the weaving to his wife. - Gobernador Gregores (?), Province Santa Cruz - 1976

If the gaucho has more than the bare necessities, he soon becomes the head of a large family. Far from all the comforts of civilisation, the gaucho is also a naïve painter. He leaves the cooking, the cleaning, the weaving to his wife. - Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1976

If the gaucho has more than the bare necessities, he is soon the head of a large family. Far from all the comforts of civilisation, a gaucho's wife takes care of the kitchen and household and weaves the necessary fabrics herself. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén. - 1973

If the gaucho has more than the bare necessities, he is soon the head of a large family. Far from all the comforts of civilisation, the gaucho is also a naïve painter and schoolmaster at the same time. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén. - 1973

Although the first ray of sunshine usually sees him at work, the gaucho still finds time for socialising in the evening. Prepared and enjoyed with a "sacred" ritual, the bitter, slightly caffeinated mate makes you forget fatigue and pain. - Estancia La Mimosa, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1976

Metallic skeletons on the endless pampas, the "mills" tame the wind to pump essential water for the herds, sometimes from considerable depths. - Estancia Las Toscas, Province Santa Cruz, Patagonia - 1976

Metallic skeletons on the endless pampas, the "mills" tame the wind to pump essential water for the herds, sometimes from considerable depths. - At the Ruta 3, Province Santa Cruz, Patagonia - 1975

In southern Patagonia and especially on Tierra del Fuego and in southern Chile, the climate and vegetation only allow sheep farming. The flocks graze scattered over thousands of hectares of stony wasteland. They are only herded together for three occasions: Disinfection bath, shearing and slaughter. But then the ovejeros, the shepherd gauchos, are often on the move for days with their powerful dogs, keeping in touch with each other with high altitude fires and smoke signals. - Near Estancia Los Luises, Santa Cruz Province - 1973

On the map, the north of Tierra del Fuego is the natural continuation of the Argentine Patagonia. Here, too, the vast plains can be found, where thousands of domestic animals graze on the thin grasslands. Here, rainfall also increases, allowing lush vegetation to develop. - 1973

Two gauchos on the way to their estancia in the Calafate region. The Andes mountain range in the background. - Santa Cruz Province - 1973

A lonely gaucho on his way to his estancia El Zurdo on the border with Chile. - Between Río Gallegos and El Turbio, Santa Cruz Province - 1973

In southern Patagonia and especially on Tierra del Fuego and in southern Chile, the climate and vegetation only allow sheep farming. The flocks graze scattered over thousands of hectares of stony wasteland. They are only herded together for three occasions: Disinfection bath, shearing and slaughter. But then the ovejeros, the shepherd gauchos, are often on the move for days with their powerful dogs, keeping in touch with each other with high altitude fires and smoke signals. - Torres del Paine NP, Chile - 1976

In southern Patagonia and especially on Tierra del Fuego and in southern Chile, the climate and vegetation only allow sheep farming. The flocks graze scattered over thousands of hectares of stony wasteland. They are only herded together for three occasions: Disinfection bath, shearing and slaughter. But then the ovejeros, the shepherd gauchos, are often on the move for days with their powerful dogs, keeping in touch with each other with high altitude fires and smoke signals. - 1976

In southern Patagonia and especially on Tierra del Fuego and in southern Chile, the climate and vegetation only allow sheep farming. The flocks graze scattered over thousands of hectares of stony wasteland. They are only herded together for three occasions: Disinfection bath, shearing and slaughter. But then the ovejeros, the shepherd gauchos, are often on the move for days with their powerful dogs, keeping in touch with each other with high altitude fires and smoke signals. - Estancia Las Toscas, Province Santa Cruz, Patagonia - 1976

In southern Patagonia and especially on Tierra del Fuego and in southern Chile, the climate and vegetation only allow sheep farming. The flocks graze scattered over thousands of hectares of stony wasteland. They are only herded together for three occasions: Disinfection bath, shearing and slaughter. But then the ovejeros, the shepherd gauchos, are often on the move for days with their powerful dogs, keeping in touch with each other with high altitude fires and smoke signals. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén. - 1973

In southern Patagonia and especially on Tierra del Fuego and in southern Chile, the climate and vegetation only allow sheep farming. The flocks graze scattered over thousands of hectares of stony wasteland. They are only herded together for three occasions: Disinfection bath, shearing and slaughter. But then the ovejeros, the shepherd gauchos, are often on the move for days with their powerful dogs, keeping in touch with each other with high altitude fires and smoke signals. - Estancia La Luciana, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

Maté, the daily and almost ritual drink of the gaucho ... - Estancia La Luciana, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

Mastering his horse in any situation brings the gaucho "glory and honour", and so he puts his skill to the test again and again in the most diverse games and competitions. The rules of these competitions vary depending on the region, and for the huasos, as the gauchos are called in Chile, style counts as much as the result. - Doma in Buenos Aires - 1973

Mastering his horse in any situation brings the gaucho "glory and honour", and so he puts his skill to the test again and again in the most diverse games and competitions. The rules of these competitions vary depending on the region, and for the huasos, as the gauchos are called in Chile, style counts as much as the result. - Rodeo in Osorno, Chile - 1975

Mastering his horse in any situation brings the gaucho "glory and honour", and so he puts his skill to the test again and again in the most diverse games and competitions. The rules of these competitions vary depending on the region, and for the huasos, as the gauchos are called in Chile, style counts as much as the result. - San Rafael, Province Talca - 1975

Mastering his horse in any situation brings the gaucho "glory and honour", and so he puts his skill to the test again and again in the most diverse games and competitions. The rules of these competitions vary depending on the region, and for the huasos, as the gauchos are called in Chile, style counts as much as the result. Although the competition arena is reminiscent of the Spanish bullfighting arena, the aim here is only to manoeuvre the bovine against the board wall with the horse alone and "pin it down". The individual parts of the cow's body are divided into point values, with blocking the hindquarters earning the most. - 1975

Mastering his horse in any situation brings the gaucho "glory and honour", and so he puts his skill to the test again and again in the most diverse games and competitions. The rules of these competitions vary depending on the region, and for the huasos, as the gauchos are called in Chile, style counts as much as the result. - San Rafael, Province Talca - 1975

Mastering his horse in any situation brings the gaucho "glory and honour", and so he puts his skill to the test again and again in the most diverse games and competitions. The rules of these competitions vary depending on the region, and for the huasos, as the gauchos are called in Chile, style counts as much as the result. Although the competition arena is reminiscent of the Spanish bullfighting arena, the aim here is only to manoeuvre the bovine against the board wall with the horse alone and "pin it down". The individual parts of the cow's body are divided into point values, with blocking the hindquarters earning the most.- Rodeo in Osorno, Chile - 1975

Less formal, but even more daring, are the games in southern Brazil, at Bagé in the Rio Grande do Sul, when an unruly wildling is to be ridden in a kind of rodeo, after which the blindfold is removed. The performance is commented on by fellow competitors and onlookers in a way that is as detailed as it is knowledgeable. - 1976

Less formal, but even more daring, are the games in southern Brazil, in the Rio Grande do Sul, when an unruly wildling is to be ridden in a kind of rodeo, after which the blindfold is removed. The performance is commented on by fellow competitors and onlookers in a way that is as detailed as it is knowledgeable. - Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasilien - 1976

Less formal, but even more daring, are the games in southern Brazil, at Bagé in the Rio Grande do Sul, when an unruly wildling is to be ridden in a kind of rodeo, after which the blindfold is removed. The performance is commented on by fellow competitors and onlookers in a way that is as detailed as it is knowledgeable. - 1976

Less formal, but even more daring, are the games in southern Brazil, in the Rio Grande do Sul, when an unruly wildling is to be ridden in a kind of rodeo, after which the blindfold is removed. The performance is commented on by fellow competitors and onlookers in a way that is as detailed as it is knowledgeable. - Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - 1976

In the past, the gaucho wore all his wealth so decoratively strung on the wide belt: silver coins, a chiselled knife. And a name, so that no one would ignore it... - Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - 1976

In the past, the gaucho wore all his wealth so decoratively strung on the wide belt: silver coins, a chiselled knife. And a name, so that no one would ignore it... - San Antonio de Areco, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

In the past, the gaucho wore all his wealth so decoratively strung on the wide belt: silver coins, a chiselled knife. And a name, so that no one would ignore it... - Ramos Otero, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

Less formal, but even more daring, are the games in southern Brazil, at Bagé in the Rio Grande do Sul, when an unruly wildling is to be ridden in a kind of rodeo, after which the blindfold is removed. The performance is commented on by fellow competitors and onlookers in a way that is as detailed as it is knowledgeable. Older gauchos prefer these wild fights to exercises in skill and accuracy, such as holding a rope centimetres in front of them at full gallop. - 1976

Less formal, but even more daring, are the games in southern Brazil, in the Rio Grande do Sul, when an unruly wildling is to be ridden in a kind of rodeo, after which the blindfold is removed. The performance is commented on by fellow competitors and onlookers in a way that is as detailed as it is knowledgeable. - 1976

Less formal, but even more daring, are the games in southern Brazil, in the Rio Grande do Sul, when an unruly wildling is to be ridden in a kind of rodeo, after which the blindfold is removed. The performance is commented on by fellow competitors and onlookers in a way that is as detailed as it is knowledgeable. - Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasilien - 1976

Less formal, but even more daring, are the games in southern Brazil, in the Rio Grande do Sul, when an unruly wildling is to be ridden in a kind of rodeo, after which the blindfold is removed. The performance is commented on by fellow competitors and onlookers in a way that is as detailed as it is knowledgeable. - 1976

In San Antonio de Areco in the province of Buenos Aires, the big jineteadas (rodeos) on Tradition Day attract estancieros and gauchos from all over the province. The competitions are mainly attended by professional horsemen or domadores, who wear leather spurs and "botas de potro", boots made from the skin of the horse's foot. The movements of horse and rider are as acrobatic as they are elegant; falls are frequent and shrewd horses throw themselves to the ground as soon as they mount (picture). The most dangerous game is forbidden today: It involved jumping down from the crossbar of a corral gate onto an unsaddled wild horse, the lead animal of a herd that was being chased through the gate at a gallop. Those who missed were lucky to escape with a few broken bones. - 1975

In San Antonio de Areco in the province of Buenos Aires, the big jineteadas (rodeos) on Tradition Day attract estancieros and gauchos from all over the province. The competitions are mainly attended by professional horsemen or domadores, who wear leather spurs and "botas de potro", boots made from the skin of the horse's foot. The movements of horse and rider are as acrobatic as they are elegant (picture); falls are frequent, and shrewd horses throw themselves to the ground as soon as they mount. The most dangerous game is forbidden today: It involved jumping down from the crossbar of a corral gate onto an unsaddled wild horse, the lead animal of a herd that was being chased through the gate at a gallop. Those who missed were lucky to escape with a few broken bones. - 1975

The ‘carrera de sortijas’, the "ring stabbing". While galloping, the rider has to "take" a ring of about two centimetres in diameter with a small stick. - Estancia Santa María, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

In the past, the gaucho wore all his wealth so decoratively strung on the wide belt: silver coins, a chiselled knife. And a name, so that no one would ignore it... - San Antonio de Areco, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

In the past, the gaucho wore all his wealth so decoratively strung on the wide belt: silver coins, a chiselled knife. And a name, so that no one would ignore it... - Villa María, Province Córdoba - 1973

In the past, the gaucho wore all his wealth so decoratively strung on the wide belt: silver coins, a chiselled knife. And a name, so that no one would ignore it... - Ramos Otero, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

In the past, the gaucho wore all his wealth so decoratively strung on the wide belt: silver coins, a chiselled knife. And a name, so that no one would ignore it... - San Antonio de Areco, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

In the past, the gaucho wore all his wealth so decoratively strung on the wide belt: silver coins, a chiselled knife. And a name, so that no one would ignore it... - Estancia La Amalia, Province Entre Ríos - 1973

"The meat is what is left over when you have nothing left." In the vastness of the pampas, this Argentine proverb still holds true today. Grilled outdoors, the asado is cut right at the mouth as you eat, and the best pieces belong to the guest as a matter of course, whether they are invited or happen to be there. - San Antonio de Areco, Province Buenos Aires. - 1975

"The meat is what is left over when you have nothing left." In the vastness of the pampas, this Argentine proverb still holds true today. Grilled outdoors, the asado is cut right at the mouth as you eat, and the best pieces belong to the guest as a matter of course, whether they are invited or happen to be there. - Estancia Palitué, Province Neuquén. - 1975

"The meat is what is left over when you have nothing left." In the vastness of the pampas, this Argentine proverb still holds true today. Grilled outdoors, the asado is cut right at the mouth as you eat, and the best pieces belong to the guest as a matter of course, whether they are invited or happen to be there. - Estancia Santa María, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

"The meat is what is left over when you have nothing left." In the vastness of the pampas, this Argentine proverb still holds true today. Grilled outdoors, the asado is cut right at the mouth as you eat, and the best pieces belong to the guest as a matter of course, whether they are invited or happen to be there. - Estancia Las Toscas, Villa María, Province Córdoba - 1973

"The meat is what is left over when you have nothing left." In the vastness of the pampas, this Argentine proverb still holds true today. Grilled outdoors, the asado is cut right at the mouth as you eat, and the best pieces belong to the guest as a matter of course, whether they are invited or happen to be there. - San Antonio de Areco, Province Buenos Aires. - 1975

The “Payador” has to be just as much a poet as a musician and sing about the realities of everyday life in quickly improvised verses ... love, violence, loneliness. - Estancia Santa María, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

The gaucho's wife hardly shows up, except at some village festivals or when going to church on Sundays. - Wedding, Estancia Santa María, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

The gaucho's wife hardly shows up, except at some village festivals or when going to church on Sundays. - San Antonio de Areco, Province Buenos Aires. - 1975

The gaucho's wife hardly shows up, except at some village festivals or when going to church on Sundays. The gaucho, accustomed to evenings under the moon and to smoky “pulperias”, has learned to dance the zapateada and the malambo, variants of flamenco, on his own. - San Antonio de Areco, Province Buenos Aires. - 1975

No gaucho who does not know how to strum the guitar and improvise, in verse, a tender or perfidious "payada". - Estancia Santa María, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

Alberto Biocca, President of the Grupo traditionalista of Ayacucho in the province of Buenos Aires, in his Sunday best, with silver-decorated saddle and bridle and gaucho poncho, also knows how to handle the lasso masterfully. - 1976

Luxury harness. - Estancia La Luciana, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires. - 1975

Luxury harness. - Estancia El Ombú, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

Luxuriously harnessed, the gaucho's horse carries on its saddle something to face the elements: knife (“facón”), “boleadoras”, hobbel straps, lasso. The spurs can be wood, leather or chiseled silver.- Estancia on the Huemul peninsula, Neuquén province. - 1975

Luxuriously harnessed, the gaucho's horse carries on its saddle something to face the elements: knife (“facón”), “boleadoras”, hobbel straps, lasso. The spurs can be wood, leather or chiseled silver. - Estancia Santa María, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

Luxuriously harnessed, the gaucho's horse carries on its saddle something to face the elements: knife (“facón”), “boleadoras”, hobbel straps, lasso. The spurs can be wood, leather or chiseled silver.- Estancia La Luciana, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

Luxuriously harnessed, the gaucho's horse carries on its saddle something to face the elements: knife (“facón”), “boleadoras”, hobbel straps, lasso. The spurs can be wood, leather or chiseled silver. - Criadero Helvecia, Chile - 1975

Luxuriously harnessed, the gaucho's horse carries on its saddle something to face the elements: knife (“facón”), “boleadoras”, hobbel straps, lasso. The spurs can be wood, leather or chiseled silver. - Cachi, Salta - 1973

Luxuriously harnessed, the gaucho's horse carries on its saddle something to face the elements: knife (“facón”), “boleadoras”, hobbel straps, lasso. The spurs can be wood, leather or chiseled silver. - Estancia Santa María, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

The game is an indispensable part of everyday life for the gaucho. Although certainly more spectacular, riding a young bull is significantly less risky than a game of Truco. The inconspicuous tokens, pebbles or corn kernels amount to the wages of weeks of work. - Estancia El Dorado, Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1976

The pampas are never completely deserted. At one or the other crossroads, there is always a pulpería or carnicería, where you can quench your thirst and find out the latest gossip and the date of the next festival from the pulpero.- Paso de la Laguna, Province Entre Ríos - 1973

The Pulpería is a tavern, grocer and stage for born comedians all in one and, in these infinite widths, has made a decisive contribution to the development of an independent gaucho consciousness. - Ayacucho, Province Buenos Aires - 1975

The cattle are the wealth of the pampas. There are buyers who travel by plane from one remate (auction) to another. The cows are traded as lots, bulls as heads. - Remate in Temuco, Chile - 1975

The cattle are the wealth of the pampas. There are buyers who travel by plane from one remate (auction) to another. The cows are traded as lots, bulls as heads. - Villa María, Province Córdoba - 1973

The cattle are the wealth of the pampas. There are buyers who travel by plane from one remate (auction) to another. The cows are traded as lots, bulls as heads. - Remate in Villa María, Province Córdoba. - 1973

Troperos bring a herd intended for sale across the Alumine River in the Andean foothills. - Province Neuquén. - 1973

Troperos bring a herd intended for sale across the Alumine River in the Andean foothills. - Province Neuquén - 1973

The ritual of the asado and the mate is repeated with each stage. - Estancia Santa Ercilia, Palomas, Province Salto, Uruguay - 1975

The ritual of the asado and the mate is repeated with each stage. - Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - 1976

The ritual of the asado and the mate is repeated with each stage. - 1973

At the Huaitiquina Pass (in the background the Laskar volcano) between northern Argentina and Chile, the crossing fails only too often because of the Viento Blanco, the dreaded Andean snow storms. - 1975

Arturo Fernandez has a finca near Salta where he tries to keep the traditional things alive. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Salta - 1975

Arturo Fernandez has a finca near Salta where he tries to keep the traditional things alive. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Salta - 1973

Chacho Royo, a skilled rider with mighty guardamontes on either side, is seventy-five years old, fifteen of whom lie in mysterious darkness. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Salta. - 1975

Arturo Fernandez, with mighty guardamontes on either side, has a finca near Salta where he tries to keep the traditional things alive. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1973

Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta Two generations, one friendship. Arturo Fernandez has a finca near Salta where he tries to keep the traditional things alive. Chacho Royo, a skilled rider with mighty guardamontes on either side, is seventy-five years old, fifteen of whom lie in mysterious darkness. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

Arturo Fernandez, with mighty guardamontes on either side, has a finca near Salta where he tries to keep the traditional things alive. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1973

Chacho Royo is one of the best gauchos in the Salta area and could demonstrate a lot of the younger ones in the campo. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

Arturo Fernandez, with mighty guardamontes on either side, has a finca near Salta where he tries to keep the traditional things alive. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

Arturo Fernandez has a finca near Salta where he tries to keep the traditional things alive. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

As a gaucho matrero, as a fugitive, Chacho Royo hid himself from the arm of the law in the Andes for fifteen years in his youth. Today he processes leather into bridles and saddles in his small estate, which he sells or gives to his friend Arturo. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Salta. - 1973

As a gaucho matrero, as a fugitive, Chacho Royo hid himself from the arm of the law in the Andes for fifteen years in his youth. Today he processes leather into bridles and saddles in his small estate, which he sells or gives to his friend Arturo. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Salta. - 1975

Dance of the "pañuelo" and vigil in the barn of Arturo Fernandez, in La Caldera. Father Requena, gaucho parish priest and rector of the University of Salta, joined the Chacho and Arturo. But, at sunrise, it's back to the pampas ... - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

Arturo Fernandez and his wife during the mate ritual. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

Vigil in the barn of Arturo Fernandez, in La Caldera. Father Requena, gaucho parish priest and rector of the University of Salta, joined the Chacho and Arturo. But, at sunrise, it's back to the pampas ... - Estancia Campo Alegre, Salta. - 1975

Vigil in the barn of Arturo Fernandez, in La Caldera. Father Requena, gaucho parish priest and rector of the University of Salta, joined the Chacho and Arturo. But, at sunrise, it's back to the pampas ... - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

Chacho Royo during the Mate ritual. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

In the morning it goes out to the herd again ... - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1973

Arturo Fernandez, with mighty guardamontes on either side, has a finca near Salta where he tries to keep the traditional things alive. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

Arturo Fernandez, has a finca near Salta where he tries to keep the traditional things alive. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1973

Arturo Fernandez has a finca near Salta where he tries to keep the traditional things alive. - 1973

Various items that accompany the life of a gaucho, including a guitar and bombo. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

Various items that accompany the life of a gaucho. - Museo José Hernández, Mar del Plata - 1975

Chacho Royo cuts strips of leather that he uses to make bridles and leather straps. - Estancia Campo Alegre, Province Salta - 1975

Ramón Bandera from Estancia El Hervidero is a master at making leather straps. - Province Salto, Uruguay - 1975

The farrier Delphin Rodríguez from Bahía Bustamante (Chubut province) at work. - 1973

After a hard day's work there is Asado and Mate.- Estancia La Teresa, Province Neuquén. - 1973

In the province of Buenos Aires, the Troperos drive cows and calves to the Estancia La Mimosa. - 1975

In the province of Buenos Aires, the Troperos drive cows and calves to the Estancia La Mimosa. - 1973

Aberdeen Angus cattle on Estancia El Ombú, Ayacucho, Buenos Aires Province - 1975

At Don Emilio Solanet's Estancia «El Cardal», Ayacucho, Province of Buenos Aires - 1975

Sheep are herded early in the morning. Estancia Las Toscas, Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia. - 1973

Access to the Estancia " Rincón de los Morros", near El Turbio, Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia - 1973

Signpost to the Estancia Carro Roto on route 3 - Province of Santa Cruz - 1973

Road sign at route 3, it takes 120 km to get to Estancia Silvita! - Province of Santa Cruz - 1973

On the estancia “La Margarita” at Lake Viedma, in the province of Santa Cruz, the gauchos set off for the sheep pastures. On horseback, they cover great distances across the steppes of Patagonia. In the background the Fitz Roy massif. - 1973

Gauchos from the Salta region, taken on 17 June 1973 during the celebrations for the anniversary of the death of Martin Miguel de Güemes.

The Monument to Martín Miguel de Güemes is a 25 m high construction in the city of Salta. - 1973

Gauchos from the Salta region, taken on 17 June 1973 during the celebrations for the anniversary of the death of Martin Miguel de Güemes.

Horse tamer at the Estancia Amancay, Chubut Province, Patagonia. - 1973

Fiesta Gaucha in Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. - 1976

Fiesta Gaucha in Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - 1976

The cattle are the wealth of the pampas. Remate (auction) in Villa María, Córdoba. The cows are traded as lots, bulls as heads. - 1973

These gauchos are participating in a remate (auction) in Villa María, Córdoba. - 1973

Train in the Atacama Desert south of Copiapó - 1975

The sky over Patagonia looks different than anywhere else. Often it is veiled by very light clouds that let a strange light shine through. Sometimes the wind blows in violent gusts, triggering sandstorms. Then it is necessary to seek shelter immediately in order to escape the turmoil of the elements. A yellowish light enhances the sense of threat that the traveler sees. - Fishermen are on their way with their ship on Megellanstrasse, in the Chilean part of Tierra del Fuego. - 1973

On 21 October 1520, Ferdinand Magellan and a fleet of four ships entered a strait separating Patagonia from Tierra del Fuego, which today bears his name. On 28 November of the same year, the Portuguese navigator's sailors reached the Pacific Ocean. The passage had taken thirty-six days. This achievement was one stage in the first voyage around the world, an adventure that was to end in death for Magellan and most of the men in his crew. Today, traversing the Strait of Magellan offers no difficulties, despite the harsh weather in these regions. A ferry connects the mainland with the large southern island. The areas on both sides of the strait belong to Chile. Tierra del Fuego owes its name to the navigator Magellan, who was astonished to notice Indian fires all along the shores. Today, instead of the Indian fires, the columns of flames from the oil drilling sites glow there. The National Road 3 leads to the northern shore of the strait and continues over there. - 1973

The Villarrica is a 2,847 m high active volcano in Chile, which lies on the border of the Araucanía and Los Ríos regions. To the north of the volcano are the town of Pucón and Lake Villarrica. - 1973

View over the Plaza San Martin towards the Cerro San Cristóbal. - Perú - Lima - 1969

View from Edificio Washington to Av. Arequipa and Av. Wilson (today Av. Garcilaso de la Vega). In the background the former Hotel Crillón. - Perú - Lima - 1969

The impressive presidential palace stands on the banks of the Rimac River. Here is the view from the Plaza de Armas. The palace was completed in 1938. - The changing of the guard takes place every day at exactly 12.00 noon. - Perú - Lima - 1969

The statue of Pizarro in Lima was unveiled on 18 January 1935 on the occasion of the celebration of the 4th centenary of the founding of the city. The monument was installed in the atrium of the Cathedral of Lima. In 1952 it was moved to the Plaza Pizarro, on the left side of the Government Palace (in the photo). Finally, in 2004, it was relocated to the Parque de la Muralla. - Peru - Lima - 1969

The Archbishop's Palace of Lima is located on the east side of the Plaza de Armas. The façade is in the neo-colonial style, with characteristic baroque elements and made entirely of reused stone. Above the main entrance, which is in neoplateresque style, there are two large balconies in neo-baroque style, carved from cedar wood and reflecting the sensualism of Andalusia. - Peru - Lima - 1969

The monumental complex of the Basilica and Convent of San Francisco de Lima is located in the historic center of Lima. The facade of the basilica is in the baroque style of Lima, it is graceful, coarse and monumental. - Peru - Lima - 1969

The Church of San Agustin is located in the historic centre of Lima and a few blocks from the Plaza Mayor of the capital. The front is an architectural work of Churrigueresque baroque style, overloaded with ornaments, carved in stone, which was finished in 1710. In the niches of the façade there are ten sculptures in addition to the image of San Agustín in the centre. - Peru - Lima - 1969

Grau Square is a square located in the centre of the city of Lima, capital of Peru. It is named after Miguel Grau Seminario, commander of the monitor Huáscar during the War of the Pacific. In the centre stands the monument, which is a beautiful granite and bronze ensemble. It reaches a height of 21 metres. - In the background is the Anglo Peruvian Building. - Peru - Lima - 1969

At the junction of Avenida Paseo de la República (Zanjón) and Avenida Canaval y Moreyra, a policeman directs traffic. Back or chest always means stop! - Peru - Lima - 1969

The lively cityscape of Lima is characterised by numerous street vendors. A broom seller is travelling with his wife and his tricycle, which is packed with brooms, sweepers and brushes, door mats and tin tubs. - The picture was taken at the intersection of Avenida Paseo de la República (Zanjón) and Avenida Canaval y Moreyra. - Peru - Lima - 1969

Near a market in the Rimac neighbourhood of Lima, a shoemaker sits on a crooked wooden chair waiting for his customers. The sewing machine in front of him may be ancient, but this mechanical monster can still stitch leather together with powerful stitches. - Peru - Lima - 1969

In the slums, everyone tries to improve their living conditions as best they can. The precarious buildings can be found right up to the edge of the gorge-like course of the Río Rimac - Peru - Lima - 1969

In the slums, everyone tries to improve their living conditions as best they can. - At the foot of Cerro San Cristóbal - Rimac neighbourhood - Peru - Lima - 1969

The tower of the «Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez» in Lima. The airport was opened in 1960 and has been modernised since 2001. At the end of 2024, the completely new airport will go into operation. - Peru - Lima/Callao - 1969

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