The giant fortress of Sacsahuamán – Cuzco

The imposing entrance to the Palace of Ollantaytambo.

Detail of the wall of the Palace of Ollantaytambo.

Two of the seven snakes of the Street Calle de las Siete Culebras - Cuzco

Panoramic view of the sacred city of Machu Picchu, seen from Huayna Picchu

The famous Baño de la Ñusta, the bath of the princess - Ollantaytambo

Alpacas and lamas in front of the impressive wall of Saqsayhuamán - Cuzco.

The vast archaeological complex of Pisac, one of the imperial "capitals".

The salt of Maras is still extracted like in the days of the Incas.

Inca pottery, small pot of 17 cm in height, with the shape of a human head with stylized braids.

The mysterious Intihuatana of Machu Picchu.

The sacred city of Machu Picchu, seen from Huayna Picchu.

Upon a hilltop in the shadow of mount Huayna Picchu (in the background), the sacred city of Machu Picchu (“old mountain” in Quechua) was erected in the 15th century under ¬the Inca emperor Pachacutec. In 1983 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and in 2007 it was designated as one of the seven new wonders of the world by NewOpenWorld Foundation.

This 24-cm tall and 550-g heavy gold statuette was found in an Inca grave near Nevado Ausangate, 6336 meters high, in the region of Cuzco, Peru (Inka Museum, San Antonio de Abad National University, Cuzco).

The ruins of Machu Picchu – shot here from the top of mount Huayna Picchu – remained forgotten during four centuries before they were rediscovered in 1911 by American archaeologist and researcher Hiram Bingham, from Yale University.

Head of an indigenous community (Alcade) of Ollataytambo in the department of Cuzco. - 1969

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Vue générale des ruines incaïques de Machu Picchu (Cuzco). - 1969

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L'église coloniale et le hameau de Tiobamba, dans le département du Cuzco. Au fond du Nevado Chicón, 5530m - 1969

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Le Cuzco, capitale de l'empire des Incas, était protégée par une énorme forteresse, appelé Sacsayhuamán, composée d'une triple muraille en dents de scie avec des angles rentrants et sortants. Chacun de ces murs mesure une hauteur de près de 10 mètres. - 1969

Indigenous people flock from all corners of the Andes Cordillera to take part in the Inti Raymi, the great festival in honour of the sun, in Cuzco on 24 June. This girl wears a moss dress and a kind of crown made of agave leaves and shells on her head. - 1969

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Pendant l'Inti Raymi les Indiens, déguisés et masqués, organisent de véritables concours de musique et de danse. - 1969

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Durant l'Inti Raymi on peut voir un Indien déguisé en empereur inca entouré de ses aides. La fête n'échappe pas à un certain romantisme qui n'est pas toujours de très bon goût. - 1969

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Dans le département du Cuzco se trouvent les ruines de villes que les Incas élevèrent entre le 12e et le 1 6e siècle. Celle de Pissac occupe une esplanade qui domine la vallée sacrée des Incas. Les blocs sont taillés dans du granit rose d'une exceptionnelle qualité.

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Les champs de cultures en terrasses sur les flancs escarpés de la Sierra ont permis une utilisation rationnelle de la terre. Ceux de Moray, dans le département du Cuzco, sont de forme circulaire et auraient été employés à la culture de la coca.

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L'architecture inca fait usage de gros et de petits blocs dans un assemblage d'une extraordinaire précision. Le système «polygonal» a servi à la construction de nombreux murs de défense. Nous en avons un exemple frappant à Limatambo (département du Cuzco).

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La Cordillère des Andes est semée de lieux de culte incas. Les bains de Tambo Machay, près du Cuzco, parlent en faveur de l'importance de l'eau dans la vie matérielle et spirituelle des indigènes.

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Le musée de la vice-royauté du Cuzco renferme de très belles collections d'art colonial. Sa porte d'entrée est surmontée d'un linteau où l'on aperçoit les portraits des quatre frères Pizarro.

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La fête du Corpus Cristi, apportée par les Espagnols revêt chaque année au Cuzco un faste particulier. Durant la cérémonie les statues de douze saints et saintes sont promenées autour de la Plaza de Armas. - 1969

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Les Indiens ont été convertis au christianisme. Leur foi est sincère et touchante. Ils se rendent à l'église portant de magnifiques cierges qu'ils ont eux-mêmes décorés. - 1969

Dressing up and wearing homemade woollen masks is always fun for the Indians. - Whitsun festival in Ollantaytambo, Cuzco department - 1969

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Chaque village de la Sierra, à l'exemple de la plus petite localité de la péninsule ibérique, a son patron ou sa patronne dont la fête est le prétexte de réjouissances qui durent plusieurs jours et auxquelles participent tous les membres de la communauté. - Procession de Pentecôte à Ollantaytambo, département de Cuzco. - 1969

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Des indigènes de la Sierra se rendent à cheval à rune des fêtes de leur communauté. - 1969

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Les femmes indiennes du département du Cuzco portent des chapeaux plats. On les distingue très facilement des métis qui, elles, sont coiffées d'un couvre-chef de couleur blanche, orné d'un ruban. Marché de Chincheros (département du Cuzco). - 1969

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Le camion demeure souvent le seul moyen de transport des habitants de la montagne. On y entasse passagers et marchandises dans un équilibre instable qui ne va pas sans offrir de sérieux dangers. - 1969

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Sur les marchés de la Cordillère on peut acheter, pour quelques centavos seulement, un grand verre de chicha (bière) de maïs préparée par la marchande. - 1969

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Machu Picchu, la cité sanctuaire consacrée par les Incas au soleil, ne fut découverte qu'en 1911. Elle se situe dans la Cordillère des Andes, au nord du Cuzco, à une altitude de 3000 mètres.

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Andenes, terrasses de cultures incaïques de Pisac (département du Cuzco).

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Les ruines de Machu Picchu sont dominées par une colline au sommet de laquelle se trouve un monument taillé dans un seul bloc de granit, appelé Intihuatana, c'est-à-dire la «pierre où l'on attache le soleil». Il s'agit sans doute d'un lieu de culte. - 1969

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La demeure des Indiens de la Cordillère des Andes est faite de briques en boue séchée, appelées adobes, recouvertes ou non de chaux. Elle est surmontée d'un toit de chaume. La maison se compose d'une seule pièce qui sert à la fois de cuisine, de chambre à coucher et de grenier où l'on garde les récoltes. - Près de la pierre de Sayhuite entre Abancay et Cuzco - 1969

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Terrasses d'assèchement d'eau salée à Maras (département du Cuzco). Ce procédé semble avoir déjà été utilisé par les Incas. - 1969

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La Sierra péruvienne est peuplée essentiellement d'indiens qui vivent en communauté et qui s'adonnent à l'agriculture. En certains endroits la fertilité de la terre est remarquable. - Récolte de céréales, Tiobamba, Cuzco, au fond du Nevado Chicón, 5530m - 1969

When the head of a community in Cuzco goes somewhere, he is accompanied by the ‘pututeros’, young people who are given the task of blowing into large sea shells. - 1969

The Cuzco Indians wear clothes made of llama wool, which are famous for the richness and beauty of their colours. The patterns vary greatly from region to region of the department. - Indians from the province of Paruro, Cuzco. - 1969

With the arrival of the Spaniards, various musical instruments previously unknown on this continent were also introduced, including the harp, which the Indians have now learnt to build themselves and play in their own unique way. - Indians from the province of Paruro, Cuzco. - 1969

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Les indigènes ont adopté les instruments de musique apportés par les Espagnols tels que la harpe et le violon. - Festival de folklore Inti Raymi à Cuzco - Indiens de la province de Paruro - 1969

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La cuisine péruvienne compte de nombreuses spécialités. Sur les marchés indigènes on peut goûter à des plats typiques et appétissants où figurent des poissons et de la viande grillés accompagnés de pommes de terre. - Aguas Calientes - Cuzco - 1969

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L'autobus est l'unique moyen de transport entre les villes et les villages de la Cordillère des Andes. – Calca dans la vallée d'Urubamba - Cuzco - 1969

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Précédé des "chapelles" d'un culte ésotérique, dominant la mystérieuse cité des dieux précolombiens, "huitième merveille du monde", se détache l'Intihuatana, où, lors des solstices, le grand prêtre Willac Umu amarrait symboliquement avec une chaîne d'or, au gnomon pétrifié, le soleil-Père des Incas...

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A 3.500 mètres d'altitude, la cyclopéenne forteresse de Sacsahuaman domine le Cuzco. Avec ses trois remparts mégalithiques en dents de scie, ce «Maginot» inca «fait honte des pyramides au Nil et comme Atlante, au ciel, arrime l'homme» (Tirso de Molina, 1583-1648). Sertis comme des gemmes précieuses par on ne sait quels fantastiques joailliers, certains blocs de ce puzzle géant, hauts de 9 mètres sur 4 d'épaisseur, pèsent plus de 350 tonnes!

Wearing a woollen chullo under his typical cuzqueño hat and dressed in a wonderful poncho, this young Indian from the sacred valley holds the vara de mando, a silver-plated staff as a sign of his official dignity. He is the alcalde of an ayllu, an agrarian community handed down from the Inca era, in which the Quechuas still live today as they did in times gone by.

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On ne peut qu'admirer, dans la Vallée sacrée, l'imposante entrée d'un palais d'0llantaytambo. Sans doute les tenons qui ressortent de cet incroyable «jeu de cubes» ont-ils servi à soulever et à mettre en place d'énormes monolithes aux angles parfaitement jointurés.

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Derrière la table des sanglants holocaustes, béant sur le fascinant paradis des cimes andines tapissées d'une forêt exubérante, l'admirable muraille du Temple aux Trois fenêtres de Machu Picchu se dresse sur la place du quartier sacré de la célèbre «Cité perdue» des Incas.

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Tadeo Escalante (1807-1832), de l'école de peinture du Cuzco, est l'auteur des fresques murales d'Acomayo, récemment découvertes. Ce peintre métis, mais descendant de l'Inca Atahuallpa, décora l'intérieur de sa maison natale, dite Molino de los Incas, des quatorze portraits des dynastes impériaux. Ici, ceux de Mayta Capac, Capac Yupanqui et Inca Roca.

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Tadeo Escalante (1807-1832), de l'école de peinture du Cuzco, peignit aussi la Ñusta Mama Huaco filant la laine auprès d'une vigogne et suivie d'un jorobado, bouffon nain et bossu la cour impériale de Cuzco, qui l'abrite sous un parasol de plumes chatoyantes. Fresques murales d'Acomayo, Cuzco.

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A une vingtaine de kilomètres du Cuzco s'entrouvre la verte vallée de l'Urubamba, jadis «rio du Soleil». Et la piste secrète de Manco Inca vers un toujours introuvable et dernier refuge...

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Sous un théâtral ciel d'orage, le Qhapac-Ñan, chemin royal de l'Inca, mène aujourd'hui les touristes intrépides entre 3500 et plus de 4000 mètres d'altitude, de l'entrée de la Vallée sacrée jusqu'aux portes, jadis interdites aux profanes, de Machu Picchu.

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A Limatambo, à 60 kilomètres du Cuzco, les magnifiques murailles polygonales de Tarahuasi aux niches trapézoïdales soutiennent une ample terrasse nivelée sur 243 mètres de longueur et 6 mètres de haut, d'où l'on domine l'étroite vallée.

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«Nombril» sacré de l'Empire du Tahuantinsuyo, aujourd'hui capitale archéologique de l'Amérique du Sud, Cuzco est une triple ville inca, coloniale et républicaine, millénaire et mystérieuse. Face à la Plaza de Armas, l'ancienne Huacaypata cérémonielle, s'élève l'église baroque de la Compania de Jésus, là où se dressait l'Amaru Cancha de Huayna Capac.

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La formidable abside de Santo Domingo n'est autre que le temple semi-circulaire du Coricancha, le fabuleux Sanctuaire du Soleil et de l'Or du Cuzco. A l'arrivée des conquistadors, le 15 novembre 1533, tout ce panthéon scintillait de plaques d'or!

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Six pumas en haut relief ornent la façade d'un original palais aujourd'hui dit «Casa de los Pumas» (Casa Velarde) de la calle Santa Teresa.

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Dans les étroites ruelles de la «Rome» inca, entre les résidences monolithiques décapitées qui supportent un étage «à l'espagnole», cheminent les Indiennes cuzquenas, aux costumes typiques.

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La mélodie pleurnicharde des quenas (flûtes de bambou des Andes) s'est métissée, depuis la Conquête hispanique, de harpes rustiques et d'instruments à corde dont les Indiens en poncho tirent une musiquette lancinante. La veille du festival solaire Inti Raymi sur la place principale de Cuzco.

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Sur les hauteurs escarpées de Cusilluchayoc qui dominent Cuzco, ces gradins échelonnés suggèrent davantage des sièges où reprendre souffle que de simples escaliers.

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De nos jours comme aux siècles passés, les lamas chargés de besaces joliment rayées qui ne doivent pas peser plus de 25 kilos se reposent dans l'ombre gigantesque des remparts de Sacsayhuamán.

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L'énorme rocher de l'adoratoire de Kenko, à 3 kilomètres du Cuzco, est ciselé à profusion de rigoles, de pitons, de marches, d'autels, d'animaux symboliques. Au centre du grandiose amphithéâtre creusé de dix-neuf niches-sièges en éventail se dressait un totem lithique en forme de puma assis.

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A 3.700 mètres d'altitude s'étagent les quatre terrasses de Tampu Machay, «Balneario del Inca». Des loges en trapèze ornent le plus élégant «temple de l'Eau» consacré aux ablutions lustrales du dynaste et de la Coya son épouse lors de leur union rituelle.

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Unies à la verticale, ces six dalles plates et rectangulaires en porphyre rose, hautes d'environ 4 mètres, forment le monumental «Miroir du Soleil» d'0llantaytambo, au faîte du palais du Sinchi 0llanta, chef des Tampus de la Vallée sacrée qui osa s'opposer à Pachacutec par ses amours interdites avec Cusi Coylor, la princesse «Étoile Joyeuse».

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En dehors des sentiers touristiques de Machu Picchu, Maximilien Bruggmann - l'auteur des photographies de cet ouvrage -, a découvert cette roche aux fentes rectangulaires alignées, jamais «publiées», et qui illustre enfin la technique secrète des Incas pour découper de gigantesques monolithes!

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Dans le doux «Eden » de la Vallée tropicale sacrée des Incas s'étend à 3.100 mètres d'altitude le vaste complexe archéologique de Pisac, l'une des «capitales» impériales. Une trentaine de résidences au style raffiné entourent l'Intihuatana elliptique, voué au culte astral.

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0llantaytambo est l'un des rares et derniers bourgs authentiquement inca où les Quechuas vivent encore dans les palais ancestraux. Tel cet Indien qui coud sur le seuil d'une double portada en trapèze à l'inca.

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Reliés par des andenes en demi-lune, profonds de 150 mètres, les quatre «cirques» aux sept terrasses de Moray étagées en entonnoir évoquent des colisées. Toutefois, les aqueducs qui les irriguent suggèrent qu'il s'agit plutôt de gradins dédiés à la culture des pommes de terre à déshydrater (moraya) ou de «jardins d'acclimatation» de fleurs magiques.

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Dans une vallée transversale partant de la Vallée sacée des Incas, les salines échelonnées de Maras sont toujours exploitées comme au temps des Incas. Selon la tradition, les Maras sont «nés» et partis de la mythologique caverne de Tamputoco avec les quatre Ayars géniteurs de la dynastie impériale.

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Chaumières, corrales à lamas et champs cultivés dans la région d'Acomayo sont encadrés de murettes en petites pierres.

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Très animée, la feria dominicale de Chinchero attire des centaines d'aborigènes aux costumes couleurs d'arc-en-ciel!

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Héritée des Incas, la coutume veut qu’on boive la chicha de mais mousseuse et alcoolisée par la fermentation dans de grands verres qui ont remplacé les beaux kéros de bois laqué. - Chinchero, Cuzco

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Les temps changent! les fillettes indiennes d'Acomayo transportent l'eau non plus dans une poterie, mais dans une vulgaire cruche émaillée.

The serious face of this girl from Combapata, Cuzco, is tanned by the harsh mountain climate. She wears a cap with a forward-facing peak and a wide, patterned, hand-woven belt around her waist.

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A l'issue des obscurs dédales du «quartier des prisons» de Machu Picchu repose une dalle plate et triangulaire en forme de condor couché face au soleil levant. Entre la «collerette» de pierre et le bec recourbé, une rigole recueillait le sang fécondant des sacrifices qui s'écoulait jusque dans les entrailles de la Terre-Mère.

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Chaque année, à partir du 21 juin, qui marque, dans la sierra, le solstice d'hiver, les fêtes solennelles de I'Inti Raymi, «Pâques du Soleil» des Incas, sont reconstituées au Cuzco. Le soir venu, Indiens et Indiennes, en tenue de gala, se livrent entre eux aux danses populaires qui sont plus un rite qu'une distraction.

This woman from Combapata with her peculiar flat hat, her sharply cut face framed by an embroidered scarf, embodies all the dignity of the ancient pre-Columbian peoples.

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C'est par une musique aussi tonitruante que discordante que la banda, l'orchestre en ponchos bariolés, inaugure aux quatre vents le nouveau terrain de football!

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Ce plat-fontaine cérémoniel en argent du culte de l'Eau provient de Andahuaylillas, aux environs du Cuzco. Devant l'aryballe sur le rebord, on distingue un petit personnage mâchant la coca, et l'abreuvoir aux lamas dont Fun est couché et l'autre sans tête. Cette très rare qocha est percée de trois orifices par où s'écoule le liquide. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Très réaliste, ce couple de jorobados en argent, haut de 6 centimètres, nouis rappelle que les bossus étaient au service personnel de l'Inca et de la Coya. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Kero cérémoniel en bois taillé de l'époque dite de «transition inca-coloniale». Sous un soleil, une demi-lune verte semble pleurer comme des flocons de neige (?). De chaque côté, des dignitaires casqués portent un «toast» aux astres vénérés. Des tocapus ornent la bande centrale, et dessous tombent ou volent des kantutas (Kantu buxfolia Juss), fleurs nationales et sacrées des Incas, dont il existe trente-deux variétés (hauteur: 19,5 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Impressionnant kero inca de bois en «tête de puma» totémique, aux couleurs peu fréquentes, obtenues an moyen de laques résineuses dont les Indiens n'ont pu, de nos jours, retrouver le secret de fabrication (hauteur: 19 centimètres).(Museo e Instituto de Arqueobogia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Cruche cérémonielle de Huacaypata, l'antique place sacrée du Cuzco inca. Haute de 28 centimètres, de ravissantes tonalités soulignent les anses-jaguars et les deux serpents allongés qui encadrent un harmonieux panneau géométrique. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Ce très élégant vase à fleur de Limapampa, mis an jour en 1928 très près du Coricancha de Cuzco, sur la Rimac Pampa, réunit plusieurs des motifs décoratifs chers aux Incas: la grande fleur de kantuta, la tête de Puma et une ronde hiératique de Vierges du Soleil qui se donnent la main, où perchent des oiseaux. Il n'existe an Pérou que deux ticachuranas de ce type (hauteur: 34centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Très lourd récipient liturgique, sculpté dans la pierre. Circulaire, il mesure, d'une anse à l'autre, 59 centimètres. Des amarus lovés en spirale ou serpentant l'entourent (diamètre intérieur: 31,5 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Quadrangulaire, ce réceptacle cérémoniel en pierre, lié au culte de l'eau, est orné au fond, en haut-relief, d'un batracien. Tout autour, quatre soleils entre douze ranas que soulignent quatre serpents bicéphales à tête de condor semblent rappeler le thème favori de Tiahuanaco, lieu de la genèse mythique des Incas (largeur: 19,5 centimètres; longueur: 24 centimètres; hauteur: 6,5 centimètres). (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad nacional del Cuzco, Pérou.)

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Depuis trois mille ans ou davantage encore, 1'Indien de la Vallée sacrée des Incas et de toutes les Andes, pour appeler hommes et dieux, souffle dans le pututo, grosse conque marine du Pacifique, le Spondylus au son rauque.

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Enigmatiques et impérissables «testaments» de l'Empire inca du Tahuantinsuyo, les temples s'ouvrent majestueusement sur Inti Cancha, la place cérémonielle du haut quartier magico-religieux de Machu Picchu, que surplombent les quatorze terrasses pyramidales de l'observatoire et acropole solaire où se trouve l'Intihuatana.

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Rien n'illustre mieux la science hydraulique des anciens peuples de la Cordillère des Andes que les seize Amanahuasis, superbes «bains» rituels ou liturgiques qui s'étagent en cascade depuis le faste du «gratte-ciel» des Incas jusqu'aux abîmes qui le défendent.

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Longeant les Barracas en pente et restaurées des antiques agriculteurs, cent escaliers qui totalisent plus de trois mille marches et hauts paliers relient les deux cent soixante palais, temples, sanctuaires, thermes, autels sacrificiels, cavernes à momies et jardins «suspendus» de cet «hymne de pierre», Machu Picchu, qui est un véritable défi à la nature et qui conserve tous ses secrets!

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Précédé des "chapelles" d'un culte ésotérique, dominant la mystérieuse cité des dieux précolombiens, "huitième merveille du monde", se détache l'Intihuatana, où, lors des solstices, le grand prêtre Willac Umu amarrait symboliquement avec une chaîne d'or, au gnomon pétrifié, le soleil-Père des Incas...

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Piquillacta: De curieuses figurines en turquoise ont été mises au jour dans ce grand centre pré-inca (Culture Huari 800-1200 ap. J.-C.) qu'occupèrent ensuite les empereurs du Cuzco. (Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia de la Universidad de Cuzco)

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Ollantaytambo: le fameux ‘Baño de la Ñusta’, le bain de la princesse ‘Etoile joyeuse’, qui venait ici pour recevoir l'eau purificatrice descendue des glaciers andins.

The classic general view of the ruins of Machu Picchu. In the middle distance the dominant Huayna Picchu. - 1969

The classic general view of the ruins of Machu Picchu from a different angle. In the middle the dominant Huayna Picchu. - 1969

Machu Picchu - Sacred Square - Main Temple and Temple of the three windows - the staircase leads to the Intihuatana - 1969

Machu Picchu - view through one of the windows of the temple of the three windows - 1969

At 3500 meters above sea level, the cyclopean fortress of Sacsayhuamán dominates the city of Cuzco. With its three monolithic ramparts in the shape of saw teeth, this “Maginot Line” of the Incas “overshadows the pyramids on the Nile ...” (Tirso de Molina, 1583-1648). Some of these blocks of this giant puzzle, set like gemstones by unknown and great jewelers, are 9 meters high, 4 meters thick and weigh more than 350 tons! - 1969

The twelve-angled stone is a stone block that is part of a palace located on Hatun Rumiyoq street, in the city of Cuzco. Today, the stone is part of a wall of the palace of the Archbishop of Cuzco, which was previously the residence of Inca Roca, the sixth sovereign of the kingdom of Cuzco. - 1969

In the gentle "Eden" of the sacred tropical Valley of the Incas, at an altitude of 3,100 meters, the vast archaeological complex of Pisac, one of the imperial "capitals", extends. About thirty residences in a refined style surround the elliptical Intihuatana, dedicated to the sun cult. - 1969

This wall of a palace in Ollantaytambo in the Sacred Valley is amazing. Undoubtedly, the spikes that emerge from this incredible “set of cubes” served to lift and place huge monoliths with perfectly joined angles. - 1969

People from the province of Paruro participate in a folk festival in Cuzco - Young boy with a hat made of dried agave leaves. - 1969

Pentecost Festival in Ollantaytambo, Cuzco - Young Indian woman in typical costume. - 1969

You do not need a bus to go to the market. This truck in Calca in the Urubamba Valley will be filled with Indians to the last place, including their merchandise, of course. - 1969

An Indian in typical dress drinking her chicha - Cambapata market - Cuzco - 1969

Folklore festival in Cuzco - a musician from Taquile Island on Lake Titicaca playing the Zampoña. - 1969

Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun) - competition for folk groups in the stadium of Cuzco. - 1976

The colonial church of Tiobamba in the department of Cusco. In the background the Nevado Chicón, 5530m, from the Cordillera Urubamba. - 1969

Cuzco, the sacred "navel" of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire, is today the archaeological capital of South America: Inca, colonial and republican at the same time. In front of the Plaza de Armas, the ancient ceremonial Huacaypata, rises the Cathedral of Cuzco. - 1969

Cuzco, the sacred "navel" of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire, is today the archaeological capital of South America: Inca, colonial and republican at the same time. In front of the Plaza de Armas, the old ceremonial Huacaypata, stands the baroque church of La Compañía de Jesús where the Amarucancha de Huayna Capac once stood. - 1969

The Corpus Cristi festival, brought by the Spanish, acquires a special splendor every year in Cuzco. During the ceremony, the statues of twelve saints are shouldered around the Plaza de Armas. – 1969

A cross on the wayside between Abancay and Cuzco. - 1969

The church of Andahuaylillas, a town of about 3,900 inhabitants near Cuzco. It contains many colonial treasures, which is why it is often called in Peru the "Sistine Chapel of the Andes" in an effort to compete with the Old Continent. - 1969

Golden lama - Origin: Teteqaqa, near Cuzco - height 82 mm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Silver vase with two heads - Inca Costeño - around 1370 - Pisco valley - height 20 cm - Regional Museum of Ica

Solid silver Inca idol (hunchback) - Cuzco region - height 6 cm - Museum 'Oro del Perú' Miguel Mujica Gallo - Lima - 1977

Silver Inca idol - Cuzco Region - height 10.5 cm - Museum 'Oro del Perú' Miguel Mujica Gallo - Lima - 1977

Solid silver Inca idol (hunchback) - Cuzco region - height 6 cm - Museum 'Oro del Perú' Miguel Mujica Gallo - Lima - 1977

Inca culture gold idol - height 24 cm - weight 550 g - found in a tomb at the foot of the Ausangate mountain - Museum and Institute of Archeology of the National University of Cuzco - 1976

Inca ear ornament - Cuzco region - diameter 43 mm, thickness 2 cm - Museo de Oro del Peru, Lima - 1977

Kero from the transition period Inca colonial - with Tocapus ornaments - Cuzco zone - height 22 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Kero 'Selva' of Inca-Colonial transition - Cuzco area - height 18.5 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

Kero Inca with stylized puma head - Cuzco region - height 19 cm - Cuzco Archaeological Museum - 1976

An lndia cuzqueña from the Ollantaytambo region in her typical dresses. - 1976

This wayside cross, decorated with flowers and cloths, stands on the scenic main road between Abancay and Cusco in the Peruvian Andes. The crosses often mark sites that were already regarded as sacred places (huacas) or dedicated to the guardian spirits of the mountains (apus) in Inca times. The placement of Christian crosses led to the fusion of Spanish Catholic traditions with Andean animism. The elaborate decoration with bright strips of fabric and floral arrangements is typical of regional festivals such as the widespread ‘Cruz Velacuy’ (Festival of the Veneration of the Cross) in May, during which the crosses are carried down from the hills into the villages, festively decorated and blessed. – Peru – 1969

A farmstead in the Limatambo Valley, surrounded by farmland and typical eucalyptus trees against a backdrop of massive, barren mountains. Although these trees were originally introduced from Australia, they now characterise the landscape throughout the valleys near human settlements. The farmstead lies at an altitude of around 2,500 metres, between the Anta plateau and the deep canyon of the Río Apurímac. – Peru – 1972

A panoramic view of the city of Cusco, taken from the hills near the Sacsayhuamán fortress. The name Cusco means ‘Navel of the World’. According to Inca mythology, the sun god Inti sent his children, Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo, down to Earth. They were to found a city wherever a golden staff sank effortlessly into the ground – this happened in the fertile valley of Cusco. In the 15th century, the ninth Inca ruler, Pachacútec Yupanqui, radically transformed the city. He expanded Cusco in the monumental stone style and arranged the city plan in the shape of a puma – the symbol of power and strength. The head of the puma was the zigzag fortress of Sacsayhuamán. – 1969

Cuzco, situated at 3,500 metres above sea level and known as the ‘Navel of the World’, was founded by the Incas around 1100 AD. In 1536, the conquistadors destroyed the city and rebuilt it in the Spanish style, making use of many Inca foundations. Thus, the buildings themselves clearly illustrate the coexistence and simultaneity of two peoples and cultures, as is evident in the colourful street scene. The vast majority of the 120,000 inhabitants, however, are still indigenous people. Cuzco is the starting point for visits to most of the major Inca sites such as Pisac, Machu Picchu, Ollantaytambo and Sacsayhuamán, but it also boasts magnificent examples of Spanish colonial architecture: the cathedral, the Jesuit church of La Merced, the churches of Santo Domingo – built on the site of the ancient Inca sun temple – and Belén de los Reyes. During the reconstruction following the 1950 earthquake, efforts were made to restore the churches to their original appearance from before 1650. - Book: Picture 80 - Peru - 1969

Cuzco, the sacred "navel" of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire, is today the archaeological capital of South America: Inca, colonial and republican at the same time. In front of the Plaza de Armas, the old ceremonial Huacaypata, stands the baroque church of La Compañía de Jesús where the Amarucancha de Huayna Capac once stood. - 1969

The historic Hatun Rumiyoq alley in Cusco features a masterfully constructed Inca wall made of massive, perfectly hewn blocks of green diorite. These blocks originate from the original palace of the Inca ruler Inka Roca. The stones were fitted together so precisely, without any mortar, that not even a knife blade can fit between them. Following the Spanish conquest, the conquistadors erected their own buildings on top of the extremely earthquake-resistant Inca foundations. The white façade in the upper section belongs to what is now the Archbishop’s Palace. Roughly in the middle of this wall lies the world-famous "Piedra de los 12 ángulos". This single stone has exactly twelve corners, which fit seamlessly into the surrounding wall. – Peru – 1969

Alpacas and llamas graze in front of the impressive zigzag walls of Sacsayhuamán, a monumental archaeological site of the Inca civilisation situated directly above the city of Cusco. The fortress was built in the 15th century under the Inca ruler Pachacútec Yupanqui. The heaviest stones in the complex weigh over 100 tonnes. The blocks were hewn with such precision and fitted together without mortar that often not even a sheet of paper can fit between them. The historic city plan of Cusco was laid out by the Incas in the shape of a puma – the symbol of the earthly world. Sacsayhuamán formed the head of the puma, whilst the zigzag-shaped walls represented the animal’s teeth (or the lightning bolts of the thunder god Illapa). The entire complex served primarily as a ceremonial and religious centre. Today, only around 20% to 40% of the original structure remains. The Spanish removed the smaller stones to build colonial churches and houses in Cusco; however, the gigantic megaliths forming the foundations remained firmly in place. – 1969

At 3500 meters above sea level, the cyclopean fortress of Sacsayhuamán dominates the city of Cuzco. With its three monolithic ramparts in the shape of saw teeth, this “Maginot Line” of the Incas “overshadows the pyramids on the Nile ...” (Tirso de Molina, 1583-1648). Some of these blocks of this giant puzzle, set like gemstones by unknown and great jewelers, are 9 meters high, 4 meters thick and weigh more than 350 tons! - 1969

This young indigenous woman is taking part in the traditional Inca ceremony Inti Raymi (the Festival of the Sun), which is celebrated annually on 24 June. Her clothing and headdress have symbolic significance. She is wearing an ornate crown made from dried agave leaves (maguey) and decorated with small sea snails. Her body is wrapped in a long robe made of natural moss. Beneath it, a traditionally colourful, patterned woven fabric can be seen. – 1969

A re-enactment of the Inti Raymi (‘Festival of the Sun’), a traditional ceremony from the Inca period honouring the sun god Inti. Originally established by Inca Pachacútec around 1430, the festival marks the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere and the Inca New Year. The event takes place every year without fail on 24 June. The photograph shows people dressed as Inca rulers, wearing traditional headdresses, colourful robes and carrying ritual vessels. – Cusco – Peru – 1976

Whilst the main ceremony of Inti Raymi (the Inca Festival of the Sun) traditionally takes place on the esplanade of the Sacsayhuamán fortress, the dances and musical accompaniment are often moved to Cusco Stadium to accommodate the crowds, as seen in this photograph, taken on 24 June 1976. The musicians play the traditional Peruvian Andean harp (Arpa andina) and violins to accompany the traditional dances (Danzas) from the various provinces, which are performed in honour of the sun. – Cusco – Peru – 1976

Musicians from the province of Paruro at the famous Inti Raymi festival (the Inca Festival of the Sun) in Cusco. They play a type of transverse flute, the flauta andina (Andean transverse flute), which is often referred to regionally as a pifano or pífano andino. It is traditionally made entirely from local bamboo (caña) or Andean wood. Such rustic bamboo flutes are typical of rural music groups (Bandas de Músicos Tradicionales) in the highlands of Cusco. They accompany festive dances and ceremonial processions at indigenous celebrations. – Peru – 1969

The picture shows traditional Peruvian Andean inhabitants holding so-called pututos (ceremonial wind instruments made from large sea shells) in their hands. The pututo is a prepared conch shell (often Lobatus galeatus) that has been used in the Andes since pre-Columbian times. The instrument produces a very loud, deep sound and was originally used to gather communities, send signals over long distances or initiate sacred rituals. The people are wearing typical, hand-woven Peruvian ponchos with fringes and traditional legwear. – Inti Raymi in Cusco – Peru – 1976

The photograph shows a large crowd sitting on the historic Inca stone walls of the Sacsayhuamán fortress in Cusco, watching the re-enactment of the ancient rituals and dances of the traditional Inti Raymi sun festival up close. – Peru – 1976

The Corpus Cristi festival, brought by the Spanish, acquires a special splendor every year in Cuzco. During the ceremony, the statues of twelve saints are shouldered around the Plaza de Armas. – 1969

At the market in Cusco. An open-air stall set up in front of a light-green building with signs for Pepsi and Fanta. Numerous stacked metal pots, cauldrons, buckets and aluminium bowls, as well as bagged goods and household items, are on sale. – Peru – 1976

A street food vendor in Cusco who prepares traditional anticuchos on a small metal grill; this is a traditional, very popular dish in Peru and Bolivia. The skewers consist of thinly sliced beef heart (anticuchos de corazón). The meat is very lean, has a firm texture and tastes juicy and spicy once grilled. It is marinated for hours in a mixture of ají panca (a Peruvian red chilli variety), garlic, vinegar, cumin and herbs. A typical side dish is usually a boiled potato or thick slices of Andean maize (choclo). – Book: Image 186 – Peru – 1969

The inner courtyard of the Santo Domingo Monastery in Cusco, Peru, showcases the harmonious blend of Spanish colonial architecture and the exposed walls of the ancient Inca sun temple, Qorikancha, lying beneath it. The Christian Dominican monastery was built in the 16th century directly on the foundations and walls of the Inca Empire’s most important religious centre. The precisely fitted Inca stones, laid without mortar, form the foundation for the arcades of the Spanish colonial period. In the background rises the Baroque tower of the Church of Santo Domingo, which forms part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the historic centre of Cusco. – Peru – 1976

‘To the Liberator of Peru, Don Simón Bolívar’. Historical painting by Santiago Juárez, 1825. Museo Histórico Regional de Cuzco, Peru. - Book: Picture 136 - Peru - 1976

A 3.700 m de altitud se alzan las cuatro terrazas de Tampu Machay, el «baño del Inca». Unos nichos trapezoidales adornan el «templo del agua» más elegante, que servía para la purificación ritual del monarca y su esposa, la Coya, con motivo de su unión ritual. – Cuzco – Perú – 1969

Three kilometres from Cuzco stands the huge rock of the Kenko sanctuary, which is covered with grooves, jagged edges, steps, altars and animal symbols. In the centre of the magnificent amphitheatre, surrounded in a fan-shaped arrangement by 19 niches or seats, stood a stone totem in the shape of a seated puma. – Peru – 1976

Unlike the better-known markets in and around Cusco, the Sunday market in Urcos (Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region) remains almost untouched by mass tourism. Locals from the surrounding villages arrive dressed in their finest traditional costumes to sell fresh produce and share a large glass of freshly fermented ‘chicha de jora’. This is a traditional, alcoholic maize beer from the Andes, with a history stretching back thousands of years in what is now Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. It is regarded as the ‘sacred drink of the Incas’ and was traditionally drunk during religious ceremonies in honour of the sun deities and the Earth Mother, Pachamama. – Peru – 1976

Checacupe is a traditional village in the district of Checacupe (Canchis Province, Cusco Region) in southern Peru. The region is renowned for its historical significance, the preservation of indigenous traditions and Andean craftsmanship. The large earthenware jugs are known as urpus (also called raquis), which are typically used for the fermentation and transport of chicha (traditional maize beer) or water. The jugs are wrapped in thick, hand-woven ropes (Qeswa or Ichu grass ropes) to secure them for transport on the back or on pack animals. The clothing and distinctive hats are typical of the Quechua people of Canchis Province in the Cusco Region. – 1969

Flute player in the pueblo of Checacupe (3,430 m above sea level), Cuzco Department. Unlike the indigenous wind instruments, which all have specific names (kena, pincullo, etc.), the flutes are simply called ‘flauta’, which suggests that they only came into being after the Conquista as replicas of the European instrument. - Book: Picture 116 - Peru - 1976

Two women in the traditional dress of the Cusco region. The textiles are characterised by their craftsmanship and symbolism. The women are wearing colourful, patterned woven shawls draped over their shoulders. These traditional shawls are used in everyday life both to protect against the cold and to carry objects or babies. The typical, loose-fitting skirts, usually dark in colour or with colourful trim, are characteristic of the Andean region. The woman on the left is wearing a light-coloured felt hat decorated with coloured ribbons. In Peru, the shape and colour of such hats often reveal the exact region of origin or village community of the person wearing them. – 1976

The picture shows the colonial church of Nuestra Señora de Monserrat in Chinchero. The village lies around 30 kilometres north-west of Cusco at an altitude of approximately 3,762 metres. The Spanish built the church in the early 17th century (around 1607) directly on the foundations and palace walls of the Inca ruler Túpac Yupanqui. – Every Sunday, the large square in front of the historic complex is transformed into a lively, colourful hub of Andean culture: the traditional Sunday market. The market is a real meeting place for the indigenous population. Families from the surrounding mountain communities travel there to trade crops such as potatoes, quinoa and broad beans directly, or to swap them amongst themselves. The women from Chinchero wear their traditional red and black costumes. They sell world-famous, hand-woven alpaca products and demonstrate how the wool is dyed using natural plants and insects (cochineal). – 1976

Sunday market in Chinchero, Cusco Department. Just as in Inca times, one can still recognise tribal or local affiliations today by the hats or the patterns on the ponchos. For example, the Cuzqueños wear a sort of doctoral cap; the hat from Pisac is gently curved, and those wearing the stiff white hats with coloured ribbons all come from the same area. - Book: Picture 112 - Peru - 1969

Sunday market in Chinchero, Cusco Department. The equivalent of a European sausage stall – an open-air kitchen. - Book: Picture 115 - Peru - 1976

Sunday market in Chinchero, Cusco Department. Chicha seller – maize beer was probably known soon after maize was first cultivated. - Book: Picture 113 - Peru - 1976

An indigenous woman from Chinchero wearing the hat typical of the Cuzco region. The borders on the top of the hat symbolise the Inca empire of Tahuantinsuyu, the empire of the four corners of the world with Cuzco at its centre. The delicate motifs on the manta are also characteristic of this region. - Book: Picture 101 - Peru - 1969

Using a traditional hand spindle (known as a ‘pushka’), this woman spins raw wool into yarn. The spindle consists of a wooden rod and a whorl, which acts as a flywheel to stabilise the rotation as the fibres are drawn out. This centuries-old technique is still practised today in the Peruvian Andes to produce fine yarns for handmade textiles. – Cusco – Peru – 1972

Fruit sellers at Cusco railway station. - Book: Picture 114 - Peru - 1973

The procession in honour of the ‘Señor de Choquekillka’, the principal patron saint of the Inca city of Ollantaytambo in the Sacred Valley of the Incas. This major local event is celebrated every year around the Christian feast of Pentecost in May or June. It combines Catholic traditions with ancient Andean customs to form a significant cultural syncretism and has been declared part of Peru’s national cultural heritage. The villagers carry the cross, richly adorned with flowers and white robes, from the main church through the streets of the town. The relic being carried is an ornate cross which, according to local legend, was found in the nearby Vilcanota River at the beginning of the 20th century. – Peru – 1969

The clothing, the hats and the playing of the pututo conch shell are deeply rooted in the vibrant culture of the Cusco region and are still proudly displayed there today at festivals and receptions. The pututo is a traditional wind instrument made from a large sea snail, which has been used in the Andes since Inca times for ceremonies, rituals and long-distance communication. – This photograph dates from 1969 and was taken in Ollantaytambo. The person behind the player is an alcalde (mayor) with his staff, the varayoc, which translates as ‘the lord of the staff’. – Peru – 1969

During the Whitsun festival in Ollantaytambo, this mask is worn by the dancers of the Ukuku troupe. These mythological figures represent beings that are half-human and half-bear. They act as humorous yet disciplined intermediaries between humans and the mountain gods (Apus). During the colourful processions through the Inca streets of Ollantaytambo, they maintain order, joke with the spectators and accompany the holy cross. – Peru – 1969

Indigenous people in the small church at Ollantaytambo in the Urubamba Valley, above Machu Picchu, in the Department of Cuzco. Under the zealous Spanish missionaries, the indigenous people were very quickly converted to Catholicism; yet, on closer inspection, the old customs and deities can still be found beneath the European veneer in all the rites. For example, St James, the patron saint of the Spaniards, is celebrated with great fervour on 25 July, yet at the same time this day marks the festival of the mountain god Taita Wamani, and Pachamama, the Mother Earth from pre-Inca times, is today identified in many places with the Virgin Mary. - Book: Picture 108 - Peru - 1969

Cereal harvest near Tiobamba in the Cusco region. In the background rises Nevado Chicón, a glaciated peak in the Urubamba Cordillera, some 5,530 metres high. – Peru – 1969

The colonial church of Tiobamba in the department of Cusco. In the background the Nevado Chicón, 5530m, from the Cordillera Urubamba. - 1969

According to legend, Ayar Cachi was locked away by his three brothers in a cave on Mount Tamputoco. Trapped in the darkness and deeply saddened by the bitter betrayal of his own family, Ayar Cachi began to weep inconsolably. His salty tears of anger and despair flowed out of the mountain in vast quantities. They gathered in the valley in thousands of tiny pools. Over time, the scorching Andean sun dried out these pools, leaving behind the white and pink salt that is still harvested today. Over 3,000 small, terraced basins are fed by an underground, highly saline thermal spring called Qoripujio. – The Maras salt flats in a side valley of the Sacred Valley of the Incas – 1969

The classic general view of the ruins of Machu Picchu. In the middle distance the dominant Huayna Picchu. - 1969

The famous Inca ruin city of Machu Picchu, photographed from the opposite peak of Huayna Picchu. On the left, on the hillside, you can see the winding road (Carretera Hiram Bingham) along which buses climb up from Aguas Calientes. The photograph looks south from the higher slopes of Huayna Picchu towards the ridge below, on which stands the citadel of Machu Picchu. The agricultural terraces and stone buildings of the historic Inca site lie at an altitude of around 2,430 metres. – 1976

Completely hidden from view from the bottom of the wild Urubamba Valley, the ‘lost city’ of Machu Picchu stands enthroned on an impregnable granite pedestal at a dizzying altitude of 2,500 metres, in the shadow of Huayna Picchu. It remained hidden for 400 years until the American explorer Hiram Bingham miraculously rediscovered it in 1911. – 1976

The Inca mountain fortress of Machu Picchu, situated at an altitude of 2,690 metres, set against the cone of Huayna Picchu. None of the Spanish conquistadors mention this city on the edge of the jungle, overlooking the River Urubamba (on the right), one of the headwaters of the Amazon. Like other pucaras (fortified settlements), Machu Picchu was self-sufficient in an emergency, but the terraced fields could feed no more than 500 people. This late Inca complex contains buildings of various styles, foremost among them the Royal Palace, constructed from beautifully hewn granite blocks with trapezoidal gateways and window openings. But there are also densely packed, simple stone huts and barrack-like quarters for the soldiers. An oval tower – the only one of its kind – has led to speculation that Machu Picchu was further expanded even after the arrival of the Spaniards. The city was not discovered until 1911 by an expedition searching for the legendary last Inca fortress, Vilcabamba. - Book: Picture 81 - Peru - 1976

The mountain fortress of Machu Picchu, Peru. Initially, it was believed that the various types of masonry found in Cuzco, Machu Picchu and other Inca structures dated from different periods. Today, it is thought that both the walls constructed from interlocking megalithic blocks and those made from smooth, uniformly sized stones, as well as the mortar-bonded fieldstone technique were all employed by the same master builders from the period after 1440, depending on their intended purpose: the megalithic construction method for retaining walls, smooth, evenly rounded ashlars for representative buildings, and mortar-bonded rubble stone walls – alongside adobe bricks – for functional buildings. In Machu Picchu, however, various elements, such as the oval Torreón, suggest that construction continued here even into the colonial period. Inca architecture otherwise features only rectangular or trapezoidal shapes, and vertical arches are completely absent, which, for example, imposed certain limitations on the construction of gates. - Book: Picture 125 - Peru - 1969

The Intihuatana, the ‘resting place of the sun’ or ‘stone to which the sun is tied’, at Machu Picchu. Depending on the shadow cast by this stone, the Inca priests determined the season and thus the time for sowing, an approaching rainy season, and so on. - Book: Picture 127 - Peru - 1976

Along the partly restored Barracas of the former farmers, 100 stairs with more than 3000 steps run down the slope. They connect 260 palaces, temples, sanctuaries, thermal baths, sacrificial altars, caves of mummies and "hanging gardens" and make Machu Picchu a "stone poem". . . a challenge of nature ... an unfathomable secret. - 1976

The imposing, snow-capped peak of Nevado Salcantay (6,271 m) lies directly to the south of the Inca citadel. It forms the geographical and spiritual centre of the region. For the Incas, Salcantay was one of the most important deities (apus), controlling the weather, the rain and the fertility of the region. Viewed from the central sundial rock (Intihuatana) in Machu Picchu, the Southern Cross stands directly above the summit of Salcantay at its highest point during the rainy season. On a clear day, the mountain’s white, ice-capped pyramid rises high in the south, towering far beyond the green ridges and ruins, lending the site a deeper sacred dimension. – Peru – 1976

The picture shows the Sacred Valley of the Incas (Spanish: Valle Sagrado de los Incas) in the Cusco region of Peru. The Urubamba River (also known as the Río Vilcanota) winds its way through the fertile valley. In the background and on the slopes, you can see the characteristic agricultural terraces (andenes) built by the Incas, as well as winding roads. – 1976

The Sacred Valley of the Incas (Valle Sagrado de los Incas) in the Cusco region of Peru. On the left in the background, the Urubamba River (Río Urubamba) flows through the flat valley floor. On the right-hand side, the characteristic, curved agricultural terraces of the Incas can be seen. These served to make steep mountain slopes cultivable, prevent erosion and create microclimates for various crops (primarily maize). The flat floor of the Urubamba Valley is divided into regular, chequerboard-like fields and is still used intensively for traditional farming today. A historic, highly sophisticated system of canals runs through the fields, channelling meltwater from the surrounding Andean glaciers directly onto the cultivated land. – 1969

The picture shows the archaeological complex of Písac, one of the most significant Inca ruins in the Sacred Valley of the Incas in Peru. The site is perched on a ridge above the town of Písac and is renowned for its gigantic, stepped agricultural terraces (andenes). These terraces were masterfully integrated by the Incas into the steep mountain slopes to create microclimates for the cultivation of various crops (primarily maize) whilst preventing soil erosion. At the top of the cliff, the stone remains of Inca outposts and residential buildings can also be seen, which served to defend and monitor the valley. – 1969

In a widening of the deeply incised Urubamba Valley, which links Cuzco with Machu Picchu, lies the small town of Pisac, famous for its Sunday market. On the slopes above the town, artfully laid out agricultural terraces have stretched upwards since Inca times, transforming even the steepest mountain flanks into gigantic staircases that were used for growing potatoes, maize, oca and quinoa. - Book: Picture 126 - Peru - 1976

In the idyllic ‘Eden’ of the tropical sacred valley of the Incas, the great ruined city of Pisac, one of the ‘capitals’ of the empire, stands at an altitude of 3,100 metres. Around thirty residences of the finest architecture surround the elliptical Intihuatana, dedicated to the worship of the sun. – 1969

The impressive Inca ruins of Písac, situated in the Sacred Valley of the Incas in the Cusco region of Peru. The archaeological site lies on a mountain ridge high above the village of Písac and the River Urubamba. It is famous for its sophisticated architecture, the extensive agricultural terraces (andenes) and its strategic and religious significance during the Inca Empire. In the foreground is the Q’alla Q’asa sector, which, according to researchers, probably served as a residential quarter for guards, soldiers or priests. The buildings are precisely constructed from stone and nestle perfectly against the steep terrain. In the centre lies a sacred rock – the ‘place where the sun is tied’ – which served as an astronomical calendar for the Incas to determine the solstices. – 1976

The central ceremonial area known as Intihuatana within the Parque Arqueológico de Písac in the Sacred Valley of the Incas in Peru. The most striking feature in this area is the semi-circular, D-shaped wall in the top right-hand corner of the picture. It encloses the sacred Intihuatana stone. In Quechua, the term means ‘place where the sun is tied’. It is a pillar hewn from natural rock which served the Incas as a precise solar compass, an astronomical observatory and a ritual altar for determining solstices and harvest cycles. The precise stonemasonry (masonry of finely hewn pink granite without mortar) clearly distinguishes this royal and religious precinct from the simpler residential or military structures in the rest of the fortress. – 1976

On the way from Acomayo to Urcos in the Cusco region, you pass this waterfall. – Peru – 1976

The striking, rugged peak in the background is Cerro Antapunco in the province of Acomayo in the department of Cusco (4,824 m). The name comes from Quechua (anta meaning ‘copper’ and puncu meaning ‘gate’), which roughly translates as ‘Copper Gate’. In contrast to the heavily touristed Sacred Valley to the north of Cusco, this photograph shows the rugged, equally historic landscape to the south of the regional capital. The slopes in the foreground bear witness to the deeply rooted, traditional Andean farming practices that have adapted to the extreme high-altitude conditions. – 1976

The village of Acomayo (at an altitude of 3,770 metres) in the department of Cuzco. The pueblo is a residential and productive community which, as an ayllu, dates back to pre-Inca times, although the Spanish determined the location and number of today’s pueblos. One third of a village community’s total land holdings is generally held in common and is also cultivated collectively, although the majority of the descendants of the Incas practise a purely subsistence economy. - Book: Picture 104 - Peru - 1976

The village of Acomayo (at an altitude of 3,770 metres) in the department of Cuzco. The pueblo is a residential and productive community which, as an ayllu, dates back to pre-Inca times, although the Spanish determined the location and number of today’s pueblos. One third of a village community’s total land holdings is generally held in common and is also cultivated collectively, although the majority of the descendants of the Incas practise a purely subsistence economy. - Book: Picture 107 - Peru - 1976

The village of Acomayo (at an altitude of 3,770 metres) in the department of Cuzco. The pueblo is a residential and productive community which, as an ayllu, dates back to pre-Inca times, although the Spanish determined the location and number of today’s pueblos. One third of a village community’s total land holdings is generally held in common and is also cultivated collectively, although the majority of the descendants of the Incas practise a purely subsistence economy. - Book: Picture 105 - Peru - 1976

The village of Acomayo (at an altitude of 3,770 metres) in the department of Cuzco. The pueblo is a residential and productive community which, as an ayllu, dates back to pre-Inca times, although the Spanish determined the location and number of today’s pueblos. One third of a village community’s total land holdings is generally held in common and is also cultivated collectively, although the majority of the descendants of the Incas practise a purely subsistence economy. - Book: Picture 106 - Peru - 1976

Detail of a cycle of frescoes in an old mill in Acomayo (Cuzco Department) by Tadeo Escalanda (1807–1832), a mestizo who claimed Inca ancestry and who became known primarily for his frescoes in the church at Huaro (near Urcos). The detail shows an Inca princess, accompanied – in keeping with the fashion of the time – by a hunchback carrying her parasol. - Book: Picture 129 - Peru - 1976

Virgin Mary (90x120cm). The painting is thought to date from around 1690; it clearly reveals Byzantine influence, yet is attributed to the Cuzco school, which, alongside that of Quito, was the most important centre of training for painting, sculpture and the arts and crafts in the Andean countries during the colonial period. Museo Histórico Regional de Cuzco (on loan from Vega-Centeno), Peru. - Book: Picture 130 - Peru - 1976

The nave of the church in Andahuaylillas, a small town with a population of around 3,900 near Cuzco. Built at the end of the 16th century on the foundations of an Inca palace, the church contains many colonial treasures, which is why it is often referred to in Peru – in an effort to rival the Old Continent – as the ‘Sistine Chapel of the Andes’. - Book: Picture 133 - Peru - 1976

A charango player in the department of Cuzco, Peru. Stringed instruments appear to have been unknown to pre-Columbian civilisations. The original charango is a small guitar whose soundbox is made from an armadillo shell. Its rather high-pitched sound is produced by five or six pairs of strings. - Book: Picture 143 - Peru - 1976

An indigenous couple return with their llamas from the market in Sicuani in the department of Cuzco. - Book: Picture 103 - Peru - 1973

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